Studies in Tirukkural : Vol II [A Comparison of Tirukkural with Nitisara of Kamandakiya, Arthasastra of Kautilya and Manu Smriti (Dharmasastra)]

296 Pages·2000·56.9 MB·

by  Dr. Sukla Chakrabarti, Dr. Ranganayaki Mahapatra, Dr. R. Bhanumathi

CENTRAL LIBRARY
STUDIES IN TIRUKKURAL
Volume II
A Comparison of Trrukkural
with
1. Nitisara of Kamandaklya,
2. Arthasastra of Kautilya
and
3. Manu Smriti (Dharma£astra)
c u >
l
CENTRAL
LIBRARY.
Dr . Sukla Chakrabarti
Dr * Ranganayaki Mahapatra
Dr . R Bhanumathi
DEPARTMENT OF TAMIL STUDIES
(FORMERLY DEPARTMENT OFTAMJL)
UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA
CENTRAL LIBRARY
BIBUQGRAPHICAL DATA
Title of book Studies in Tirukkural : Vol* II [A
Comparison of Tirukkural with
N'itisara of Kamandakiya,
Artha&astra of Kautilya and
Manu Smriti (Dharma£astra)
Authors Drr Sukfa Chakrabarti
Dr* Ranganayaki Mahapatra
Dr* R Bhanumalhi
Publisher and Copyright University ot Calcutta
College Street
Calcutta 700 073
Languages Tamil and English
Edition First
Date of Publication 31 St March 2000
No* of pages : 304
Price : Rs. iso/-
6fl56£2_
Printers : Bilash Hazra
Modern Printers
61B, Shyampukur Street
Calcutta 700 004
Phone: [phone]
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(CONTENTS)
Foreword vri
Introduction xi
1. Comparison between Nitisara and Tirukkurat 1-70
(Artha section)
Dr. Sukla Chakrabarti
2. Kautilya's Artha&astra and Tirukkurat 1-139
(Artha section)
Dr Ranganayaki Mahapatra
3-18
I. Introduction
H. Kautilya's Artha£astra and
19-29
Tirukkurat (Artha section)
HI. The Range of ArthaSastra 30-32
IV, Dharma (duty) of the Four Orders in
33-37
Arthasastra
38-46
V. The Topic of Training
47-56
Vt, Rules for the King
57-5Q
VJf. On Traders
VIII. Excellences ol the King and his
59-114
Constituents
115-135
IX. Calamities
136-139
X. Activity ol the King About to March
3. Tirukkurat and Manu Smriti (Dharmasastra) 1-75
Dr. P. Bhanumathi
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PUBLICATIONS OF THE TEACHERS OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF TAMIL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA
I. Language Teaching
A Garmmar of the Modern Written and
Spoken Tamil, Ranganayaki Mahapatra, Pari
Nilayam, Chennai, 1984
Tamil Nadu-Bengal— Cultural Relations,
Ranganayaki Mahapatra [Edr.) International
Institute of Tamil Studies, Chennai, 1987
Tamil—Script and Sounds Ranganayaki
Mahapatra, P.Bhanumathi and Sukla
Chakrabarti, University of Calcutta, 1993
A Pedagogical Dictionary of Written Tamil
Verbs (Tam il-English]M Ranganayaki
Mahapatra, P*Bhanu mathi and Sukla
Chakrabarti, University of Calcutta, 1995
Tamil Self Taught [Written Tamil],
Ranganayaki Mahapatra, Gupta Prakashan,
Calcutta, 199S
A Multilingual Reader (Spoken Tamil-
Bnglish-Beng ali-Hindi/t R a n g a n ay ak i
Mahapatra* Sukla Chakrabarti, University of
Calcutta, 1998
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M
7* A Critical Linguistic Study of the
Parati*akhy&s, Sukla Chakrabarti, Punthi
Pustak, 1995
8. A Work Book for Tamil Self Taught, P.
Bhanumathi, University of Calcutta, 2000
IJ. Comparative Studies, Movemtni studies and Critical Analysis
1- A Study of the Revival of the Tamil
Vaishnava Bhakti Movement in North India
in Modern Times, Ranganayaki Mahapatra,
University of Calcutta, 1996
2. Studies in Tirukkural [Essays in
Co/nparaf/Ve Studies}, Ranganayaki
Mahapatra, P. Bhanumathi and Sukla
Chakrabarti, University of Calcutta, 1996
3* A Critical Study of the Tamil Translations
of Bengali Novels and Short Stories, P.
Bhanumathi University of Calcutta, 1997
4. Brahma Sangitam and Altvar Hymns, P*
Bhanumathi, University of Calcutta, 1997
Jtl. Translations
!♦ Vangac Cirukadai Manigal [Selected Short
Stories of Dr, Narayan Ganguli translated from
Bengali), P, Bhanumathi, 1984
2. Mi die Carittiram Drama [Baki Itihas by
Badal Sarkar—translated from Bengali), P.
Bhanumathi, Sahitya Academi, 1995
3. Paruvam—Tappiya Vasantham [Novel —
Asscimaya by Bimal Kar—translated from
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(Vi)
Bengali]^ P. Bhanumathb Sahitya Academy,
Delhi, 1973
4. Nirvacxta Kavita Gucchaf (Selected Sangam
poems translated into Bengali], Sukla
Chakrabarti, World Press, Calcutta, 1996
FORTHCOMING PUBLICATIONS
1. A History of Tamil Literature (in Bengali)
2. A Trilingual Dictionary |Tamil-Enghsh-Bengali]
3. A Hand Book of Tamil : English-Bengati
Grammar
4. A Students' Dictionary : Bengali-English-Tamil
5, A Text Book in Tamil for the Certificate and
Diploma Courses
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FOREWORD
The vast corpus of literature that flourished in this
part of the world long back is saturated with enduring
and functional elements and values of the Indian
tradition which can cretainly be operationalised for the
healthy conduct of human life* contrary to the view of
the majority of the contemporary Indian intellectuals
that the age-old Indian wisdom is irrelevant, abstract,
etc,
Tirukkural one of the most leading ancient texts,
developed in the non-Aryan belt in the 2nd or 3rd
century A.D., has drawn the attention of the
philosophers and scholars, representing varied
discipline, schools of thought and areas of interest, and
is revered by people from cross-sections of the society*
particularly in the Tamil-spoken region of this sub­
continent, over a pretty long period of time. The
contributions of this treatise to the Tamil literature, in
specific, is simply unbelievable. No authentic information
regarding its originator, Tiruvalluvar, has in no way
deterred the sages, philosophers, scholars, critics, poets,
musicians and others representing varied traditions and
the commonfolk to take deep interest in this masterpiece
down the centuries. The melodious presentation,
penetrating insights into the meaning of human
existence, touching reflections of religious, cultural and
political aspects of social functioning and associated
changes, synthesis of different philosophical
approaches* inter aliat by Tiruvalluvar, have kept interest
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{Viii)
of language- and lirciature^people in this invaluable
treasure alive over the years.
In recent times, experts have, apart from other
things, started working on the relevance of its message
in today's world. The distilled eternal spiritual wisdom,
at the same time no less relevant in the mundane life,
is at the core of this text, focused in a very sweet
language, And, this golden wisdom has made the appeal
of Tirukkurat, both in terms of its fathomless contents
and application-potential, a universal one.
This text shows that human nature ultimately pines
for tranquility and peace and depicition of this truth in
an aesthetic manner has made the work really great
and immortal. This text is a rare specimen of realisation
and synthetic wisdom and not analytical knowledge
purveyed by many intellectuals and speculative
thinkers. And, that is what the best specimens of
humanity have pined for. In Lhe realm of religion and
ethics (dharma), of material progress and prosperity
(artha), and of the enjoyment of pleasures of personal
and social life (Kama), whatever is embodied in this great
creation have definitely stood the test of time. It did
really acquire a stature when it could claim to be a
Dharma£astra, Arthaiastra and KamaSastrci combined
into one. It has very well incorporated most of the
knowledge about Indian philosophy* religion, ethics, law,
mythology and enthology, statecraft and the art of war,
etc,, that had grown in course of time. It is a text of
man’s great and difficult pilgrimage of life. The
astounding feature of this work is that everyone finds
something of values in it— entertainment, guidance,
consolation* message of hope* peace, etc. The work is
replete with spiritual and secular meanings.
This great creation has already been translated into
more than 20 European languages, apart from in
Chinese and languages used in Malaysia, Fiji, etc., and*
obviously, in almost all the written Indian languages,
the words and sentences in the text reveal
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(IX)
unambiguously the hidden message of it helping the
readers, over generations, to internalise its quintessence.
Very rich in philosophical messages and metaphysical
imaginations, this text makes one feel the depth of rare
emotions and appeals to the most elevated part of his
being. It speaks volumes of the real nature of the soul
and authoritatively suggests, in detail, different vistas
that lead to self-realisation.
This second volume of Studies in Tirukkumt is yet
another painstaking and scholastic contribution of the
learned faculty members of Department of Tamil studies,
University of Calcutta— Dr. Ranganayaki Mahapatra,
Dr. P. Bhanumathi and Dr. Sukla Chakrabarti, Its
simply the labour of Jove that has led to the additon of
one moj~e significant contribution to existing stock of
their so-far-made publications covering language­
teaching, comparative studies, movement studies and
critical analysis, and translations, apart from their'5
user-friendly forthcoming publications.
Dr. Chakrabarti, Dr. Mahapatra and Dr.
Bhanumathi have brilliantly got down to task of
comparison of Tirukkural with Nitis&rct of Kamandakiya,
Artha^dstra of kautilya and Martu Smriti (Dharrtia&astra)
respectively— all three having their origin in the Aryan
belt in the strict sense. They have painstakingly
collected, collated, presented, analysed and interpreted,
keeping the comparative aspects in mind, the numerous
verses of TVnjfckijra/ on the one hand and Nitisara;
{ )y
Artha£dstra and Manusmriti Dharm.akd.stra which are
great by themselves, on the other. These three erudite
scholars have made a great contribution because, inter
alia, they could effectively focus on the contributions
relating to statecraft* he., public administration
(r&jadhartna), made in these texts researched on. These
texts, about which the modern public administrators
may not be that much aware of, have shed much light
on the principles of statecraft and not only presents
such principles but also consciously advocates certain
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(X)
socio-political ideas and ideals. These texts
unequivocally serve as rnjdharma^astra, embracing all
aspects of management, i.e., management of finance,
production (includingpurchase, materials and Logistics),
marketing, human resource, etc.
And, here lies the credit of the contributors to this
volume, because, being basically language-and
literature-experts, they have ventured into certain areas
which apparently are not their domains. But they could
contribute effecively for the benefit of the experts who
are in the realm of managerial world, representing
almost, if not totally, different types of disciplines and
have an altogether different type of training and
experience. Focusing on, and presenting the realevance
of, in a comparative manner, age old wisdom, developed
in totally different socio-cultural environs in different
parts of this sub-continent long back, for the benefit of
today's administators in all sectors of the economy, apart
their literajv contributions, is no mean and simple a
job,
I feel myself privileged, being absolutely a non­
technical person, to get the opportunity to write a
foreword to this scholastic volume developed by Tamil
language-arid literature-experts, 1 would remain ever
grateful to them and be happy if 1, at all, have matched
myself to this honourable task.
Sudipti Banerjea
Professor and Head Department
of Commerce
University of Calcutta