Description:A set of papers on history and philosophy of science, by Roberto de Andrade Martins. (1) A priori components of science: Lavoisier and the law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions (2) Jevons and the role of analogies in empirical research (3) Wave mechanics, from Louis de Broglie to Schrödinger: a comparison (4) The cultural relevance of astronomy in classical Antiquity (5) The transformation of astronomical culture in the seventeenth century