Student Guide for Living Chemistry PDF
Preview Student Guide for Living Chemistry
STUDENT GUIDE FOR LIVING CHEMISTRY DAVID A. UCKO Antioch College formerly of Hostos Community College City University of New York BARBARA C. UCKO ACADEMIC PRESS New York San Francisco London A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers COPYRIGHT © 1977, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 76-13951 ISBN 0-12-705955-5 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Cover painting Axo- 77 by Victor Vasarely. Reproduced with permission of the artist. INTRODUCTION This book will help you pass your chemistry course. It serves as your private tutor, leading you along, giving you help, and asking the right questions. The Guide lets you study and review on your own, testing your understandign to help you prepare for examination.s Chemistry will come alive as you become actively involved in*mastering this subject. Every chapter begins with a list of objectives. They state exactly what skills you should develop in a particular unit. Each objective corresponds to a section in the textbook Living Chemistry. Thus, to master objective number 2 for Chapter 1, you would study Section 1.2 in the text. For each objective, you will find three kinds of questions to check your understandin:g short answer (Study Questions,) multiple-choic,e and fill-in. The answers for all questions are provided at the end of the chapter. After taking the first quiz, you may find that you have answered several questions incorrectly. You then know which areas need further study. For example, if you miss question 5 of a quiz in Chapter 2, you should go back to Section 2.5 in the text, studying this material again until you think that you have mastered objective 5 for this chapter. Do not become frustrated if you make mistakes. The purpose of the quiz is to help you know what to study. When you have reviewed the material correspondign to your incorrect answers, take the next quiz in the chapter. Again, carry out the procedure described in the previous paragraph, studying those topics you have not yet mastered. The third quiz then gives you another chance to test your mastery of the chapter objectives. Use the key word matching quiz to check your understandign of new words in the chemistry "vocabulary". First try to write down definitions of each term. Check your answers with the Glossary at the end of this guide. Then try matching each word with the correct response from the list of definitions in the quiz. After you have completed all the quizzes in a chapter of this guide, you should be confident of your knowledge of that portion of the text. You can now answer the Exercises at the end of the chapter in Living Chemistry, which may have been assigned as homework questions. Completing the quizzes in the guide has also prepared you to take the examination provided by your instructo.r ix 1 Matter and measurement To demonstrate an understanding of Chapter 1, you should be able to: 1. Describe the scientific method. 2. Interpret the major prefixes of the metric system (SI). 3. Identify units of mass within the metric system. 4. Identify units of length in the metric system. 5. Identify units of volume in the metric system. 6. Find the density of a substance from its mass and volume. 7. Compare the three major temperatuer scales in terms of the size of degree and the location of zero degrees. 8. Describe the properties of the three major states of matter. STUDY QUESTIONS 1. What steps would you take in carrying out the scientific method? 1 2 MATTER AND MEASUREMENT 2. Give the meaning (numerical value) of the following prefixes when added to a unit of measuremen. t (a) micro- (b) milli- ic) centi- (d) kilo- 3. Write out the full word for each symbol of mass and give its size in relation to the gram (g). (a) kg (b) mg (c) Mg 4. Write out the full word for each symbol of length and give its size in relation to the meter, (a) cm (b) mm (c) km STUDY QUESTIONS 3 5. Write out the full word for each symbol of volume and compare their size. (a) cc (b) cm3 (c) ml 6. If an object weighs 15 g and has a volume of 3 ml, what is its density? 7. (a) How much larger or smaller is a Fahrenheti degree (F°) than a Kelvin degree (K)? A Celsius degree (C°)? (b) If the temperatuer is 0°C, what would be the reading on a Fahrenheti scale? A Kelvin scale? 8. Fill in the chart with information about the properties of solids, liquids, and gases. Volume Shape Compressibiliyt Density Expandibiliyt solid liquid gas 4 MATTER AND MEASUREMENT MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUIZ 1. A doctor thinks that a patient has swallowed a certain poison. Using the scientific method, the doctor tests this hypothessi by (a) consulting with other doctors (b) administerign an antidoet to counteract the poison (c) trying several treatmenst at once (d) developing a theory 2. How many millimetesr are in 1 meter (m)? (a) 0.001 (b) 100 (c) 1000 (d) 0.01 3. If a patient receives 3 milligrams (mg) of a drug, the dosage is (a) 1000 times smaller than 1 g (b) 3 times larger than 1 g (c) 3000 times smaller than 1 g (d) 0.003 of 1 g 4. If a stick is 1.5 m long, it contains (a) 15 cm (b) 150 cm (c) 1500 cm (d) 0.015 cm 5. A nurse administesr 0.5 liter of dextrose. This volume is the same as (a) 50 cc (b) 500 ml (c) 5000 ml (d) 0.05 cc 6. If object A weighs 10 g and has a volume of 5 ml, and object  weighs 15 g and has a volume of 3 ml, (a) the density equals the ratio of object A to object  (b) A is less dense than  (c) their densities are identical (d) A is denser than  7. Water freezes at (a) 0°F (b) 32°C (c) 32 Ê (d) 0°C 8. If a substance is a gas, it (a) has a definite volume and shape (b) cannot be compressed (c) usually has a very high density (d) expands to fill the space it is in FILL-IN QUIZ 1. According to the scientific method, if the results of your experiment do not agree with your hypothesis, the must be changed or replaced. KEY WORD MATCHING QUIZ 5 2. If a woman buys 1 kilogram (kg) of sugar, she has bought g of sugar. 3. Mass is measured in the metric system in terms of the 4. A person who walks a kilometer (km) walks times farther than someone who walks 10 meters (m). 5. One liter equals cm3. 6. The density of an object is the ratio of its to its 7. There are degrees on the Celsius scale between the temperaturse of ice and boiling water. 8. A takes the shape of its container and expands only slightly if the temperatuer rises. KEY WORD MATCHING QUIZ 1. scientific method 6. temperatuer 2. matter 7. solid 3. mass 8. liquid 4. volume 9. gas 5. density (a) a measure of the amount of space occupied by a substance (b) an approach in which a hypothessi is proposed to explain certain observations and then tested by further observation and experiment-a tion (c) the state of matter with no definite volume or shape, which expands without limit to fill the space it is in (d) the state of matter with a definite volume and usually a rigid shape (e) the ratio of the mass of an object to its volume 6 MATTER AND MEASUREMENT (f) a measure of how "hot" or "cold" a substance is (g) the amount of matter a substance contains (h) the state of matter with a definite volume but no definite shape (i) the "stuff" all around you; anything which takes up space ANSWERS STUDY QUESTIONS 1. First you would make observations of a particular situation or condition. Then you would propose a hypothesis to explain these observations. The hypothesis would be tested by further experimentation and observation. If your results did not agree with the original hypothesis, you would change or revise it. (If you are able to test and confirm the hypothesis many times, it becomes a theory.) 2. (a) one million times smaller, 0.000001 (b) one thousand times smaller, 0.001 (c) one hundred times smaller, 0.01 (d) one thousand times larger, 1000 3. (a) kilogram, 1000 times larger than 1 gram (b) milligram, 1000 times smaller than 1 gram (0.001 g) (c) microgram, 1,000,000 times smaller than 1 gram (0.000001 g) 4. (a) centimeter, 100 times smaller than 1 meter (0.01 m) (b) millimeter, 1000 times smaller than 1 meter (0.001 m) (c) kilometer, 1000 times larger than 1 meter 5. (a) cubic centimeter (b) cubic centimeter (c) milliliter Both the cubic centimeter and the milliliter have the same volume. 6. The density is 5 g/ml. 7. (a) f, f. Kelvin and Celsius degrees are the same size, (b) 32°F,273 Κ Volume Shape Compressibility Density Expandibility solid definite usually cannot be high expand slightly rigid compressed when heated liquid definite not nearly generally expand slightly fixed incompressible lower when heated than solids gas indefinite not compressible very low expand without fixed under limit to occupy normal space they are in conditions T MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUIZ 1. (b) 5. (b) 2. (c) 6. (b) 3. (d) 7. (d) 4. (b) 8. (d) FILL-IN QUIZ 1. hypothesis 5. 1000 2. 1000 6. mass, volume 3. gram 7. 100 4. 100 8. liquid KEY WORD MATCHING QUIZ 1. (b) 6. (f) 2. (i) 7. (d) 3. (g) 8. (h) 4. (a) 9. (c) 5. (e)
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