Student Atlas

178 Pages·2011·41.511 MB·English

WORLD
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E S S E N T I A L R E F E R E N C E F O R S T U D E N T S O F A L L A G E S

STUDENT
ATLAS (cid:1)
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Previously published as Student Atlas
LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH AND DELHI
www.dk.com
C
ONTENT S
LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH, AND DELHI
FOR THE SIXTH EDITION
Managing Cartographer David Roberts Senior Cartographic Editor Simon Mumford LEARNING MAP SKILLS
Jacket Designer Mark Cavanagh Production Controller Rebecca Short Production Editor Joanna Byrne
Publisher Jonathan Metcalf Art Director Philip Ormerod Associate Publisher Liz Wheeler AMAZING EARTH 4
DORLING KINDERSLEY CARTOGRAPHY MAPPING THE WORLD 6
MANLAiGsIaN GT hEoDmITOaRs MPhAiNliApG ILNoGr dART EDITOR HOW MAPS ARE MADE 8
PROJECT EDITORS PROJECT DESIGNERS READING MAPS 10
Debra Clapson, Wim Jenkins, Jill Hamilton (US) Rhonda Fisher, Karen Gregory
EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTORS DESIGNERS USING THE ATLAS 12
Thomas Heath, Kevin McRae, Constance Novis, Carol Ann Davis, David Douglas,
Iris Rossoff (US), Siobhan Ryan Nicola Liddiard
MANAGING CARTOGRAPHER SENIOR CARTOGRAPHIC EDITOR THE WORLD ABOUT US
David Roberts Roger Bullen
CARTOGRAPHERS THE PHYSICAL WORLD 14
Pamela Alford, James Anderson, Chris Atkinson, Dale Buckton, Tony Chambers, Jan Clark,
Martin Darlison, Damien Demaj, Paul Eames, Sally Gable, Jeremy Hepworth, Michael Martin, THE EARTH’S STRUCTURE 16
Ed Merritt, Simon Mumford, John Plumer, Gail Townsley, Julie Turner,
Sarah Vaughan, Jane Voss, Peter Winfield Dynamic Earth, Plate Boundaries, Shaping the Landscape, The World’s Oceans
DATABSAiSmE oMnA LNeAGwEiRs DPhIGiIlT ARLo MwlAePsS, CRRoEbA TSEtDo kINe sDK CARTOPIA BY CLIMATE AND LIFE ZONES 18
Winds, Ocean Currents, Life Zones
PLACENAMES DATABASE TEAM EDITORIAL DIRECTION
Natalie Clarkson, Julia Lynch, Andrew Heritage WORLD POPULATION 20
PICTURE RESEARCH Population Structures, Population Density, Urban Growth, Population Growth
Louise Thomas
THE WORLD ECONOMY 22
EDUCATIONAL CONSULTANTS
Dr. David Lambert, Institute of Education, University of London, David R Wright, BA MA Measuring Wealth, Types of Industry, Patterns of Trade,
Developing Economies, Tourism
TEACHER REVIEWERS
US: Ramani DeAlwis; UK: Kevin Ball, Pat Barber, Stewart Marson BORDERS AND BOUNDARIES 24
First American Edition, 1998.
Reprinted with Revisions, 1999.
Second Edition (revised) 2002, Reprinted 2003, Third Edition (revised) 2004, THE WORLD ATLAS
Fourth Edition (revised) 2006, Fifth Edition (revised) 2008, Sixth Edition (revised) 2011
Published in the United States by DK Publising Inc. THE NATIONS OF THE WORLD 26
375 Hudson Street, New York, New York, 10014

A Penguin Company
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Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2011 Dorling Kindersley Limited, London.
All rights reserved under the International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be
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recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright holder.
NORTH AMERICAN GEOGRAPHY 30
Student Atlas.
p. cm.
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2
US: THE PACIFIC STATES 48 ITALY 102
California, Oregon, Washington Italy, San Marino, Vatican City
ALASKA, HAWAII, US OVERSEAS TERRITORIES 50 CENTRAL EUROPE 104
Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia
MEXICO 52
SOUTHEAST EUROPE 106
CENTRAL AMERICA 54
Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Kosovo,
Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,
Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia
Nicaragua, Panama
EASTERN EUROPE 108
THE CARIBBEAN 56
Belarus, Moldova, Romania, Ukraine
EUROPEAN RUSSIA 110
SOUTH AMERICA
THE MEDITERRANEAN 112
CONTINENTAL SOUTH AMERICA 58
SOUTH AMERICAN GEOGRAPHY 60 ASIA
NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA 62
CONTINENTAL ASIA 114
Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela
ASIAN GEOGRAPHY 116
SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA 64
Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay RUSSIA AND KAZAKHSTAN 118
TURKEY AND THE CAUCASUS 120
AFRICA Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey
CONTINENTAL AFRICA 66 SOUTHWEST ASIA 122
Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar,
AFRICAN GEOGRAPHY 68 Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Yemen
NORTH AFRICA 70 CENTRAL ASIA 124
Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
WEST AFRICA 72 SOUTH ASIA 126
Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
Côte D’Ivoire,Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,
EAST ASIA 128
Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome & Principe, Senegal,
China, Mongolia, Taiwan
Sierra Leone, Togo
EAST AFRICA 74 SOUTHEAST ASIA 130
Brunei, Cambodia, East Timor, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar,
Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan,
Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam
Tanzania, Uganda
SOUTHERN AFRICA 76 JAPAN AND KOREA 132
Japan, North Korea, South Korea
Angola, Botswana, Comoros, Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Gabon,
Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa,
Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA
EUROPE AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 134
AUSTRALIA 136
CONTINENTAL EUROPE 78
NEW ZEALAND 138
EUROPEAN GEOGRAPHY 80
SOUTHWEST PACIFIC 140
NORTHERN EUROPE 82
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden
POLAR REGIONS
THE LOW COUNTRIES 84
Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands ANTARCTICA, THE ARCTIC 142
THE BRITISH ISLES 86
Ireland, United Kingdom
TIMEZONES 144
IRELAND 88
GEOGRAPHICAL COMPARISIONS 145
SCOTLAND 90
WORLD FACTFILE 146
NORTHERN ENGLAND & WALES 92
GLOSSARY AND INDEX 154
SOUTHERN ENGLAND 94
FRANCE 96
KEY TO MAP SYMBOLS ON FRONT ENDPAPER
France, Monaco
FLAGS ON BACK ENDPAPER
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL 98
Andorra, Portugal, Spain
GERMANY AND THE ALPINE STATES 100
Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein, Slovenia, Switzerland
3
LEARNING MAP SKILLS
A E WATERY WORLD
MAZING ARTH
The Earth’s oceans and seas
cover more than 142 million
sq miles – that is twice the
surface of Mars and nine times
the surface of the moon.
Earth is unique among the nine planets that circle the
Sun. It is the only one that can support life, because it
has enough oxygen in its atmosphere and plentiful water.
In fact, seen from space, the Earth looks almost entirely
blue. This is because about 70% of its surface is under water,
Beneath the ocean waves lies
submerged beneath four huge oceans: the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian
the biggest and most unexplored
and Arctic oceans. Land makes up about 30% of the Earth’s surface. landscape on Earth. Here are coral
reefs, enormous, open plains,
It is divided into seven landmasses of varying shapes and sizes
deep canyons, and the longest
called continents. These are, from largest to smallest: Asia, Africa, mountain range on Earth –
the Mid-Atlantic Ridge – which
North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. stretches almost from pole to pole.
HEIGHTS AND DEPTHS
THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH
The Pacific Ocean contains the deepest places on the Earth’s
Photographs taken from space by astronauts surface – the ocean trenches. The very deepest is
Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench which plunges
in the 1960s, and more recently from
36,201 ft into the Earth’s crust. If Mount Everest,
orbiting satellites, have proven the highest point on land at 29,035 ft, was
beyond doubt what humans had dropped into the trench, its peak wouldn’t
even reach the surface of the Pacific.
worked out long ago – that the
Earth is shaped like a ball.
WATER
But it is not perfectly round.
The force of the Earth’s Over 97% of the Earth’s
water is salt water. The
rotation makes the world
total amount of salt in
bulge very slightly at the the world’s oceans and
Equator and go a little flat seas would cover all of
at the North and South Europe to a depth of
three miles. Less
Poles. So the Earth is
than 3% of the Earth’s
actually a flattened water is fresh.
sphere, or a “geoid.” Of this, 2.24% is
frozen in ice sheets
and about 0.6% is
stored underground
as groundwater.
WET EARTH
The remainder is
in lakes and rivers.
COASTS
The total length of the
Earth’s coastlines is more
than 300,000 miles – that
is the equivalent of 12
times around the globe. A
high percentage of the world’s
people live in coastal zones: of
the ten most populated cities
on Earth, seven are situated on
estuaries or the coast.
BIODIVERSITY
Tropical rain forests grow in DRY EARTH Today, almost 6,800,000,000 humans,
approximately 1.2 million animal species and
areas close to the Equator,
300,000 known plant species depend on the
where it is wet and warm all
air, water and land of planet Earth.
year round. Although they
cover just 7% of the Earth’s Deserts are among the most inhospitable places
land, these thick, damp on the planet. Some deserts are scorching hot, VANISHING FORESTS
forests form the richest others are freezing cold, but they have one thing 10,000 years ago, thick forests covered about half of
ecosystems on the planet. in common – they are all dry. Very few plant the Earth’s land surface. Today, 33% of those forests no
More plant and animal and animal species can survive in these harsh longer exist, and more than half of what remains has
species are found here than conditions. The world’s coldest and driest been dramatically altered. During the 20th century, more
anywhere else on Earth. continent, Antarctica (left), is a cold desert. than 50% of the Earth’s rainforests were felled.
4
AMAZING EARTH
DIFFERENT WORLD VIEWS PLANET WATER, PLANET LAND
Because the Earth is round, we can only see half of it at any The Earth can also be divided into land and water
one time. This half is called a hemisphere, which means “half a hemispheres. The land hemisphere shows most of the
sphere.” There are always two hemispheres – the half that you land on the Earth’s surface. The water hemisphere is
see and the other half that you don’t see. Two hemispheres dominated by the vast Pacific Ocean – from this view, the
placed together will always make a complete sphere. Earth appears to be almost entirely covered by water.
Equator 0° NORTH AND SOUTH (cid:46)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:84)(cid:72)(cid:0)(cid:48)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:69) LAND HEMISPHERE
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(cid:33) around the middle of the Earth, where its
(cid:46)(cid:47)(cid:50)(cid:52)(cid:40)(cid:0) (cid:37)(cid:53)(cid:50)(cid:47)(cid:48)(cid:37) ctirhceu Emqfeuraetnocr,e t ihse g Ereaartthes ste. pIfa wraet ecsu ti natloo ntwg o (cid:37)(cid:53)(cid:50)(cid:47)(cid:48)(cid:37) (cid:33)(cid:51)(cid:41)(cid:33) Aisfr itcaak eann du pE ubryo tphee, wa alatergrse oafr etha e
Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans.
hemispheres: the Northern and Southern
Hemispheres. Most of the Earth’s land
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continents that lie entirely in the
northern hemisphere. Australia and
Antarctica are the only continents that lie (cid:41)(cid:46)(cid:36)(cid:41)(cid:33) (cid:46)
(cid:33)(cid:51)(cid:47)(cid:45)(cid:53)(cid:37)(cid:52)(cid:50)(cid:40)(cid:41)(cid:35)(cid:33) entirely in the southern hemisphere. (cid:47)(cid:35)(cid:37)(cid:33) (cid:46) (cid:33) (cid:51)(cid:41)(cid:33) (cid:46)(cid:47)(cid:50)(cid:52)(cid:40)(cid:0)(cid:33)
(cid:45)(cid:37)
(cid:50)(cid:41)
(cid:35)
(cid:33)
Prime Meridian (0°)
North Pole
The Southern Hemisphere (cid:48)(cid:33)(cid:35)(cid:41)(cid:38)(cid:41)(cid:35)
contains three of the WATER HEMISPHERE (cid:47)(cid:35)(cid:37)(cid:33)(cid:46)
Earth’s four great oceans:
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(cid:47) land put together and contains almost half
(cid:46)
of all the water on the planet.
(cid:33)(cid:46)(cid:52)(cid:33)(cid:50)(cid:35)(cid:52)(cid:41)(cid:35)(cid:33)
EAST AND WEST (cid:33)(cid:38)(cid:50)(cid:41)(cid:35)(cid:33)
The Earth can also be divided along THE SEASONS
two other imaginary lines – the
Prime Meridian (0°) and 180° – which (cid:33)(cid:51)(cid:47)(cid:45)(cid:53)(cid:37)(cid:52)(cid:50)(cid:40)(cid:41)(cid:35)(cid:33) As the Earth orbits the Sun, it is also spinning around an imaginary
run opposite each other between the
line called its axis, which joins the North and South Poles. The
North and South Poles. This creates
eastern and western hemispheres. The Earth’s axis is not quite at right angles to the Sun, but tilts over at
continents in the eastern hemisphere an angle of 23.5°. As a result, each place gradually moves closer
are traditionally called the Old World, to the Sun and then farther away from it again. Summer in the
while those in the western hemisphere – the
Northern Hemisphere is when the north is closest to the Sun. In
Americas – were named the New World by the
winter, the Northern Hemisphere tilts away from the Sun, receiving
Europeans who explored them in the 15th century. 180°
far less heat and light. In the Southern Hemisphere the seasons
are reversed, with summer in December and winter in June.
SUN
JUNE 21st (not to scale) DECEMBER 21st
The Earth’s axis
is tilted at 23.5° (cid:22)(cid:22)(cid:14)(cid:21)(cid:151)(cid:46) (cid:46)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:84)(cid:72)(cid:0)(cid:48)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:0)(cid:25)(cid:16)(cid:151)(cid:46) (cid:33)(cid:82)(cid:67)(cid:16)(cid:84)(cid:73)(cid:0)(cid:67)(cid:72)(cid:0)(cid:79)(cid:35)(cid:85)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:82)(cid:67)(cid:83)(cid:76)(cid:0)(cid:69)(cid:68)(cid:0)(cid:65)(cid:22)(cid:89)(cid:22)(cid:76)(cid:14)(cid:21)(cid:73)(cid:71)(cid:151)(cid:72)(cid:46)(cid:84) (cid:46)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:84)(cid:72)(cid:0)(cid:48)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:0)(cid:25)(cid:16)(cid:151)(cid:46)
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(cid:37)(cid:81)(cid:85)(cid:65)(cid:84)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:0)(cid:16)(cid:151)
(cid:16)(cid:151) (cid:17)(cid:18)(cid:0)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:0)(cid:68)(cid:65)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:84)
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(cid:17)(cid:19)(cid:14)(cid:21)(cid:0)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:0)(cid:68)(cid:65)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:84)
(cid:37)(cid:81)(cid:85)(cid:65)(cid:84)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:0)(cid:16)(cid:151) (cid:16)(cid:151)(cid:46)
(cid:17)(cid:18)(cid:0)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:0)(cid:68)(cid:65)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:84)
(cid:22)(cid:22)(cid:14)(cid:21)(cid:151)(cid:51) (cid:33)(cid:78)(cid:84)(cid:65)(cid:82)(cid:67)(cid:84)(cid:73)(cid:67)(cid:0)(cid:35)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:67)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:0)(cid:22)(cid:22)(cid:14)(cid:21)(cid:151)(cid:51)
(cid:52)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:80)(cid:73)(cid:67)(cid:0)(cid:79)(cid:70)(cid:0)(cid:35)(cid:65)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:67)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:78)(cid:0)(cid:18)(cid:19)(cid:14)(cid:21)(cid:151)(cid:51) (cid:18)(cid:20)(cid:0)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:0)(cid:68)(cid:65)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:84) (cid:18)(cid:19)(cid:14)(cid:21)(cid:151)(cid:51)
(cid:17)(cid:16)(cid:14)(cid:21)(cid:0)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:0)(cid:68)(cid:65)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:84)
(cid:51)(cid:22)(cid:79)(cid:0)(cid:77)(cid:85)(cid:84)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:78)(cid:0)(cid:48)(cid:84)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:83)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:0)(cid:78)(cid:0)(cid:25)(cid:73)(cid:71)(cid:16)(cid:151)(cid:72)(cid:51)(cid:84) (cid:33)(cid:16)(cid:0)(cid:72)(cid:78)(cid:79)(cid:84)(cid:65)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:82)(cid:67)(cid:83)(cid:84)(cid:0)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:67)(cid:0)(cid:65)(cid:35)(cid:89)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:67)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:0)(cid:84)(cid:22)(cid:22)(cid:14)(cid:21)(cid:151)(cid:51) (cid:22)(cid:0)(cid:77)(cid:51)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:84)(cid:84)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:0)(cid:48)(cid:0)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:65)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:89)(cid:0)(cid:76)(cid:25)(cid:73)(cid:71)(cid:16)(cid:151)(cid:72)(cid:51)(cid:84) (cid:22)(cid:22)(cid:14)(cid:21)(cid:151)(cid:51)
Places near the poles have the
On June 21, the strongest and most direct light On December 21, the direct light and heat from coldest climates because the Sun’s
Places between the Tropics are hot all
year round. This is because the Sun’s from the Sun is in the Northern Hemisphere. The the Sun strike south of the Equator. This is the rays hit them at an angle. The Sun’s
rays strike the Equator almost vertically, Arctic Circle has 24 hours of daylight, and the longest day in the Southern Hemisphere. The Northern warmth is therefore spread out
heating the land more intensely. Northern Hemisphere has its longest day. Hemisphere has its shortest day and longest night. over a much wider area.
5
LEARNING MAP SKILLS
M W MODELS OF THE WORLD
APPING THE ORLD
Satellite images can show the
whole world as it appears from
space. However, this image
The main purpose of a map is to show, or locate, shows only one half of the
world, and is distorted at
where things are. The only truly accurate map the edges.
of the whole world is a globe – a round model
of the Earth. But a globe is impractical to carry
around, so mapmakers (cartographers) produce flat paper maps
instead. Changing the globe into a flat map is not simple. Imagine
cutting a globe in half and trying to flatten the two hemispheres. A globe (right) is the only way
to illustrate the shape of the Earth
They would be stretched in some places, and squashed in others. In accurately. A globe also shows the
correct positions of the continents
fact, it is impossible to make a map of the round Earth on flat paper
and oceans and how large they
without some distortion of area, distance, or direction. are in relation to one another.
LATITUDE LONGITUDE WHERE ON EARTH?
We can find out exactly how far north or The vertical lines on the globe below When lines of latitude and longitude
south, east or west any place is on Earth by run from north to south between the are combined on a globe, or as here,
drawing two sets of imaginary lines around poles. They are called lines of longitude. on a flat map, they form a grid. Using
the world to make a grid. The horizontal The most important passes through this grid, we can locate any place
lines on the globe below are called lines of Greenwich, England, and is numbered 0°. on land, or at sea, by referring to
latitude. They run from east to west. The It is called the Prime Meridian. All other the point where its line of latitude
most important is the Equator, which is given lines of longitude are numbered in intersects with its line of longitude.
the value 0°. All other lines of latitude run degrees either east or west of the Prime Even when a place is not located
parallel to the Equator. and are numbered in Meridian. The line directly opposite the exactly where the lines cross, you
degrees either north or south of the Equator. Prime Meridian is numbered 180°. can still find its approximate position.
(cid:46)
North Pole – 90°N The value of each line of 180°
latitude increases from
(cid:25)(cid:16)(cid:170) 0° to 90° as you move
(cid:24)(cid:16)(cid:170) towards the North or
(cid:23)(cid:16)(cid:170) South Poles.
(cid:22)(cid:16)(cid:170)
(cid:21)(cid:16)(cid:170) (cid:55) (cid:37)(cid:81)(cid:85)(cid:65)(cid:84)(cid:79)(cid:82) (cid:37)
(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:170)(cid:19)(cid:16)(cid:170) (cid:45)(cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:73)(cid:65)(cid:78)
(cid:18)(cid:16)(cid:170) (cid:77)(cid:69)(cid:0)
(cid:17)(cid:16)(cid:170) (cid:48)(cid:82)(cid:73)
(cid:16)(cid:170) Equator 0° (cid:16)(cid:170)(cid:17)(cid:16)(cid:170)
(cid:18)(cid:16)(cid:170)(cid:19)(cid:16)(cid:170) (cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:170) (cid:21)(cid:16)(cid:170) (cid:22)(cid:16)(cid:170) (cid:23)(cid:16)(cid:170) (cid:24)(cid:16)(cid:170) (cid:25)(cid:16)(cid:170)(cid:17)(cid:16)(cid:16)(cid:170) (cid:51)
(cid:24)(cid:21)(cid:151)(cid:55) (cid:24)(cid:16)(cid:151)(cid:55) (cid:23)(cid:21)(cid:151)(cid:55) (cid:23)(cid:16)(cid:151)(cid:55)
(cid:34)(cid:79)(cid:83)(cid:84)(cid:79)(cid:78)
(cid:46)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:0)(cid:57)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:75)
South Pole – 90°S Prime Meridian – 0° (cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:151)(cid:46) (cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:151)(cid:46)
(cid:48)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:65)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:65)
Lines of latitude are
measured from the Lines of longitude are also (cid:55)(cid:33)(cid:51)(cid:40)(cid:41)(cid:46)(cid:39)(cid:52)(cid:47)(cid:46)(cid:0)(cid:36)(cid:35)(cid:0)(cid:0)
center of the Earth. measured from the center of the
An angle is then Earth. This time, the angle is taken (cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:151)(cid:46) (cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:151)(cid:46)
measured from here in in relation to the Prime Meridian.
relation to the Equator.
(cid:33)(cid:52)(cid:44)(cid:33)(cid:46)(cid:52)(cid:41)(cid:35)
(cid:19)(cid:16)(cid:151)(cid:46) (cid:19)(cid:16)(cid:151)(cid:46)
(cid:47)(cid:35)(cid:37)(cid:33)(cid:46)
(cid:45)(cid:73)(cid:65)(cid:77)(cid:73)
One degree of latitude is (cid:18)(cid:21)(cid:151)(cid:46) (cid:18)(cid:21)(cid:151)(cid:46)
approximately 70 miles.
(cid:24)(cid:21)(cid:151)(cid:55) (cid:24)(cid:16)(cid:151)(cid:55) (cid:23)(cid:21)(cid:151)(cid:55) (cid:23)(cid:16)(cid:151)(cid:55)
The map above is of the eastern US. It is
Lines of longitude
too small to show all the lines of latitude and
divide the world
longitude, so they are given at intervals of 5°.
Lines of latitude divide into segments, like
the world into “slices” of those of an orange – Miami is located at about 26° north of the
equal thickness on either wide near the Equator, Equator and 80° west of the Prime Meridian.
side of the Equator. but narrow at the poles. We write its location 26°N 80°W.
6
MAPPING THE WORLD
MAKING A FLAT MAP FROM A GLOBE 1 CYLINDRICAL PROJECTIONS
These projections are “cylindrical”
Cartographers use a technique called projection to show because the surface of the globe
the Earth’s curved surface on a flat map. Many different map is transferred onto a surrounding
cylinder. This cylinder is then
projections have been designed. The distortion of one feature
cut from top to bottom and
– either area, distance, or direction – can be minimized, while “rolled out” to give a flat map.
other features become more distorted. Cartographers must These maps are very useful for
choose which of these things it is most important to show correctly showing the whole world.
for each map that they make. Three major families
of projections can be used to solve these questions.
The cylinder touches the globe Scale accurate Greatest distortion
at the Equator. Here, the scale at Equator
on the map will be exactly the
same as it is on the globe.
At the northern and southern
edges of the cylinder, which
are farthest away from the
surface of the globe, the
map is most distorted. The
Mercator projection (above),
created in the 16th century,
To make a globe, the Earth is divided into is a good example of a
segments or ‘gores’ along lines of longitude. cylindrical projection.
Greatest distortion
2 AZIMUTHAL PROJECTIONS 3 CONIC PROJECTIONS
Conic projections are best used for smaller
areas of the world, such as country maps.
The surface of the globe is projected
onto a cone which rests on top of
it. After cutting from the point
to the bottom of the cone, a
(cid:46)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:84)(cid:72)(cid:0)(cid:48)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:69) flat map in the shape of a
fan is left behind.
Azimuthal projections put the Accurate scale at
central point Greatest
surface of the globe onto a distortion
flat circle. “Azimuthal” means
that the direction or “azimuth”
of any line coming from the
center point of that circle is
correct. Azimuthal maps The conic projection touches the
globe’s surface at one latitude.
are useful for viewing
The circle only touches the globe’s surface at This is where the scale of the
hemispheres, continents, and
one central point. The scale is only accurate at map will be most accurate.
the polar regions. Mapping any Greatest
this point and becomes less and less accurate The parts of the cone farthest distortion
area larger than a hemisphere the farther away the circle is from the globe. This from the globe will be the
gives great distortion at the kind of projection is good for maps centering on most distorted and are usually
outer edges of the map. a major city or on one of the poles. omitted from the map itself. Most accurate scale
PROJECTIONS USED IN THIS ATLAS
The projections that 1 World Maps 2 Continents 3 Countries
are appropriate for
showing maps at a
world, continental,
or country scale are
quite different. The
projections for this
atlas have been
carefully chosen.
They are ones that
show areas as familiar
shapes that are The Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area is used The Lambert Conformal Conic shows countries
The Wagner VII projection is used for our for continental maps. The shape distortion with as little distortion as possible. The angles
distorted as little
world maps as it shows all the countries at is relatively small and countries retain their from any point on the map are the same as
as possible. their correct sizes relative to one another. correct sizes relative to one another. they would be on the surface of the globe.
7
LEARNING MAP SKILLS
H THE MAPPA MUNDI
OW MAPS ARE MADE
Maps have been
made for thousands
of years. The 13th-
New technologies have revolutionized mapmaking. century Mappa
Mundi, meaning
Computers and information from satellites have “known world” shows
replaced drawing boards and drafting pens, and the Mediterranean
Sea and the Don and
the process of creating new maps is now far Nile rivers. Asia is at
the top, with Europe
easier. But mapmaking is still a skilled and often
on the left, and Africa
time-consuming process. Information about the to the right. The
oceans are shown as
world must be gathered, sorted, and checked. The cartographer
a ring surrounding
must make decisions about the function of the map and what the land. The map
reflects a number of
information to select in order to make it as clear as possible. biblical stories.
HISTORICAL MAP MAKING NEW TECHNIQUES
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were drawn to represent (cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:81)(cid:85)(cid:69) (cid:50)(cid:79)(cid:78)(cid:68)(cid:65) traditional way. Computers
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them. Later maps were drawn are now widely used to
using information gathered (cid:37)(cid:83)(cid:84)(cid:69)(cid:80)(cid:79)(cid:45)(cid:78)(cid:65)(cid:65)(cid:82)(cid:66)(cid:38)(cid:69)(cid:85)(cid:35)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:65)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:83)(cid:73)(cid:84)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:65)(cid:76)(cid:0)(cid:65)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:0)(cid:51)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:0) combine these different sorts
by survey teams. They would (cid:65)(cid:83) (cid:0)(cid:39)(cid:41)(cid:34)(cid:50)(cid:33)(cid:44)(cid:52)(cid:0)(cid:33)(cid:50) of map information. More
carefully mark out and (cid:65)(cid:76)(cid:84)(cid:65)(cid:82)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:8)(cid:53)(cid:43)(cid:0)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:80)(cid:69)(cid:78)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:78)(cid:84)(cid:0)(cid:84)(cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:84)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:9) recently, the use of Global
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calculate the height of the (cid:47)(cid:50)(cid:47)(cid:35)(cid:35)(cid:47) Positioning Systems (GPS)
land, the positions of towns, linked to satellites, and the
This detailed hand-drawn map of the and other geographical Computers make it easier to change map increased availability of
southern coast of Spain was made in information and styles quickly. This map of
features. As knowledge and Internet based mapping, has
about 1750. The mountains are illustrated the southern coast of Spain, made in 1997
as small hills and the labels have been techniques improved, maps has been made using digital terrain modeling revolutionised the way that
hand lettered. became more accurate. (see below) and traditional cartography. maps are created and used.
MODERN MAP MAKING
1 Measuring the Earth’s surface The surface of the Earth is divided up into 3 Adding detail to the land surface The height of the land can be shown
squares. Satellites take measurements of the using bands of color, or by contour lines,
height of the land in each square. The data which are applied to the digitally created
collected can then be manipulated on a surface of the Earth. Color can also
computer to produce a digital terrain be used to show different kinds
model (DTM). of vegetation, such as deserts,
forests, and grasslands.
2 Making a terrain model Using the grid produced from the height data, 4 Adding map detail Features such as roads, rivers, towns, and cities
a detailed 3-D model of the Earth can be can now be added to the map. They are selected,
built in the memory of a powerful computer. and compiled and scanned digitally into the
Software can then recreate the effects of computer. The information can then be
the sun shining onto mountains and into “draped” on top of the terrain model
valleys so that they can be seen to create a map.
much more clearly.
8