Structure for architects : a primer

274 Pages·2011·52.24 MB·English

by  Dabby

JJWWBBTT4400__FFMM..iinndddd ii 2277//0022//1122 33::1144 PPMM
Structure for
Architects
A PRIMER
Ramsey Dabby
Ashwani Bedi
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
JJWWBBTT4400__FFMM..iinndddd ii 2277//0022//1122 33::1144 PPMM
This book is printed on acid-free paper. o
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise,
except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without
either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the
appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA
01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to
the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone], or online
at www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the Publisher and the author have used their
best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to
the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied
warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or
extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained
herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where
appropriate. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom.
For general information about our other products and services, please contact our Customer
Care Department within the United States at [phone], outside the United States at (317)
572-3993 or fax [phone].
Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some
material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or
in print-on-demand. If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the
version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com. For
more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Dabby, Ramsey.
Structure for architects : a primer / Ramsey Dabby and Ashwani Bedi.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-470-63376-2 (hardback); ISBN 978-0-470-90294-8(ebk);
ISBN 978-0-470-90246-2 (ebk); ISBN 978-0-470-90249-3(ebk);
ISBN 978-0-470-95096-8(ebk); ISBN 978-0-470-95113-2(ebk)
1. Architecture. 2. Structural engineering. 3. Thought and thinking. I. Bedi, Ashwani. II. Title.
TH845.D33 2011
624.1’7–dc22
2010054173
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
JJWWBBTT4400__FFMM..iinndddd iiii 2277//0022//1122 33::1144 PPMM
Contents
PREFACE IX
CHAPTER 1
Architects, Engineers, and Design 1
CHAPTER 2
Stability and Strength 5
CHAPTER 3
Loads 7
3.1 Gravity Loads 7
3.2 Lateral Loads 7
3.3 Dynamic Loads 10
3.4 Impact Loads 12
3.5 Load Paths 12
CHAPTER 4
States of Stress 17
4.1 Tension 17
4.2 Compression 17
4.3 Shear 18
4.4 Torsion 19
4.5 Bending 19
CHAPTER 5
Forces, Movement, Levers, and Moment 23
5.1 Applied and Reactive Forces 23
5.2 Translational Movement 23
5.3 Rotational Movement 24
iii
JJWWBBTT4400__FFMM..iinndddd iiiiii 2277//0022//1122 33::1144 PPMM
iv | CONTENTS
5.4 Levers 24
5.5 Moment 25
CHAPTER 6
Stability and Equilibrium 27
6.1 Introduction 27
6.2 Translational Equilibrium 27
6.3 Rotational Equilibrium 28
6.4 Sign Conventions 29
6.5 The Equilibrium Equations 29
6.6 Free-Body Diagrams and Familiar Examples of Equilibrium 30
6.7 Introduction to Bending in Beams 39
CHAPTER 7
Working with Forces 41
7.1 Forces, Vectors, and Lines of Action 41
7.2 Combining and Resolving Concurrent Forces 44
7.3 Familiar Examples of Concurrent Forces 49
CHAPTER 8
Supports, Reactions, and Restraint of Movement 55
8.1 Roller and Frictionless-Surface Supports 55
8.2 Pinned Supports 56
8.3 Fixed Supports 58
8.4 Hanger Supports 60
8.5 Familiar Examples of Support Conditions 61
8.6 Stable or Unstable? 74
CHAPTER 9
Load Distribution 79
9.1 Point Loads 79
9.2 Distributed Loads 80
9.3 Equivalent Point Loads 81
9.4 Uniformly Distributed Loads 82
9.5 Non-Uniformly Distributed Loads 85
CHAPTER 10
Introduction to Beams 87
10.1 Beam Types 87
10.2 Predicting Deformation, Deflection, and Beam Behavior 88
JJWWBBTT4400__FFMM..iinndddd iivv 2277//0022//1122 33::1144 PPMM
CONTENTS | v
10.3 Statically Determinate and Statically Indeterminate Beams 90
10.4 Other Considerations for Beams 94
CHAPTER 11
Framing Systems and Load Tributary Areas 99
11.1 One-Way Systems 99
11.2 Two-Way Slab and Beam Systems 103
11.3 Two-Way Slab/Two-Way Joist Systems 106
CHAPTER 12
Shear and Moment Diagrams for Beams 109
12.1 Sign Conventions 109
12.2 Typical Shear and Moment Diagrams 110
12.3 Creating Shear and Moment Diagrams 114
12.4 Comparing V and M for Uniformly Distributed Versus Concentrated
Loading 120
12.5 Summary of Deformation, Shear, and Moment Relationships 123
CHAPTER 13
Stress, Strain, and Properties of Materials 125
13.1 Stress 125
13.2 Strain 126
13.3 Stress versus Strain 127
13.4 Properties of Materials 129
13.5 Stress Distribution Diagrams 130
CHAPTER 14
Introduction to Columns 131
14.1 Columns, Compression, and Bending 131
14.2 Column Loading 131
14.3 Column Compression 134
14.4 Column Bending 135
14.5 Leonhard Euler and Column Buckling 139
CHAPTER 15
Frames, Rigidity, and Lateral Resistance Systems 141
15.1 Triangular Frames 141
15.2 Rectangular Frames 141
15.3 Making Rectangular Frames Rigid 142
15.4 Lateral Resistance Systems 145
JJWWBBTT4400__FFMM..iinndddd vv 2277//0022//1122 33::1144 PPMM
vi | CONTENTS
CHAPTER 16
Introduction to Trusses 151
16.1 Introduction 151
16.2 Trusses as Beams 152
16.3 Types of Trusses 154
16.4 Design Considerations 155
16.5 Truss Joints 157
16.6 Truss Loading 158
16.7 Truss Analysis 159
CHAPTER 17
Structural Walls 171
17.1 Loads and Deformational Stresses 172
17.2 Stresses and Wall Construction 173
17.3 Retaining Walls 175
CHAPTER 18
Soils and Rock 183
18.1 The Earth’s Interior 183
18.2 The Earth’s Crust 183
18.3 Natural Soils 186
18.4 Groundwater 186
18.5 Engineered Fill 187
18.6 Foundation Settlement 187
18.7 Soil-Bearing Capacity and Subsurface Conditions 187
CHAPTER 19
Foundations 189
19.1 Shallow Foundations 189
19.2 Deep Foundations 197
CHAPTER 20
Summing Up 199
APPENDIX 1
Structural Forms 201
APPENDIX 2
Structural Materials—Steel 211
A2.1 Composition and Manufacture 211
A2.2 Characteristics and Properties 211
JJWWBBTT4400__FFMM..iinndddd vvii 2277//0022//1122 33::1144 PPMM
CONTENTS | vii
A2.3 The American Institute of Steel Construction 212
A2.4 Grades of Structural Steel 212
A2.5 Shapes and Forms 212
A2.6 Joining Steel 214
A2.7 Decking 223
A2.8 The Design/Fabrication/Erection Process 224
A2.9 Related Terms 224
APPENDIX 3
Structural Materials—Reinforced Concrete 229
A3.1 Composition and Manufacture 229
A3.2 Curing 230
A3.3 Characteristics and Properties 231
A3.4 Related Terms 231
APPENDIX 4
Structural Materials—Wood 233
A4.1 Source and Manufacture 233
A4.2 Products 234
A4.3 Characteristics and Properties 236
A4.4 Structural Considerations 236
A4.5 Related Terms 237
APPENDIX 5
Properties of Sections 239
A5.1 Center of Gravity and Centroids 239
A5.2 Moment of Inertia 242
A5.3 Section Modulus 247
A5.4 Radius of Gyration 250
APPENDIX 6
Basic Trigonometry 257
A6.1 Basic Trigonometric Functions of a Right Triangle 257
A6.2 Basic Trigonometric Values of Frequently Used Angles 257
A6.3 Proportions of Special Right Triangles 258
A6.4 The Pythagorean Theorem 258
INDEX 259
JJWWBBTT4400__FFMM..iinndddd vviiii 2277//0022//1122 33::1144 PPMM
JJWWBBTT4400__FFMM..iinndddd vviiiiii 2277//0022//1122 33::1144 PPMM