Structure, Deformation, and Integrity of Materials. Volumes 1-2

856 Pages·2016·21.03 MB·English

by  De With G.

Gijsbertus de With
Structure, Deformation, and
Integrity of Materials
Structure, Deformation, and Integrity of Materials.Gijsbertus de With
Copyright © 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
ISBN: 3-527-31426-1
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Gijsbertus de With
Structure, Deformation, and Integrity
of Materials
WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
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no solider wisdom than that which is acquired in struggling against trouble.
Simon L. Altmann, Icons and Symmetries, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992.
Preface
For many processes and applications of materials a basic knowledge of their
mechanical behaviour is a must. This is obviously not only true for materials with a
primarily structural function but also for those materials for which the primary
function is an electrical, dielectrical, magnetic or optical one and which are frequently
(and wrongly) known as functional materials. Although many books on the
mechanical behaviour of materials exist, a few drawbacks are generally present. On
the one hand, the treatment is either too limited or too extensive and on the other hand
the emphasis is typically too much on one type of materials, that is either on metals,
on polymers or on inorganics. Moreover, the relation between the behaviour at the
atomic, microstructural and macroscopic level is generally poorly developed. In this
book a basic but as far as possible self-contained and integrated treatment of the
mechanical behaviour of materials and their simplest applications is presented. We try
to avoid the drawbacks mentioned by giving an approximately equal weight to the
three material categories at a sound basic level. This does imply that not all topics can
be treated and a certain initial acquaintance with materials science is probably an
advantage for the reader. Meanwhile we try not to forget the need for somewhat more
advanced discussion on several topics. Hopefully the proper balance is implemented
by the two-level presentation: the 'basic' sections for all students and the 'advanced',
or more properly 'intermediate', sections labelled with an asterisk for those who wish
to deepen their knowledge.
A particular feature of this book is the attempt to give a basic but balanced
presentation of the various aspects relevant at the micro- (atomic or molecular), meso
(microstructural or morphological) and macro-scale (bulk material properties and
behaviour) for polymers, metals and inorganics. Another, also quite important aspect
is that, wherever useful, the thermodynamic aspects are emphasised. We realise that
this approach is not customary but we are convinced that this will make access to the
more advanced literature easier. To that purpose we present in the Overview (part I)
an introduction and an outline of constitutive behaviour. Part II describes the
Fundamentals. It contains some mathematical preliminaries and the essentials of the
continuum theory of kinematics, kinetics and thermodynamics. Also a summary of
atomic and structural tools is given in this part. The latter has been incorporated to be
somewhat self-contained. The remaining chapters discuss several topics in more detail
and have been divided into various parts, namely Elasticity (part III), Plasticity (part
IV), Visco-elasticity (part V) and Fracture (part VI). Of course, it is quite impossible
to deal with every aspect and therefore we have limited ourselves, apart from the
essentials of each of these topics, mainly to similarities and differences between the
type of materials and their thermodynamic and structural background.
The whole of topics presented is conveniently described as mechanics of materials: it
describes the thermomechanical behaviour of materials itself with applications to
elementary structures and processes. With respect to the latter aspect the book by A.H.
Cottrell, The mechanical properties of matter, has been an enlightening example.
Unfortunately, in the past the tern1 'mechanics of materials', sometimes also called
'strength of materials', was claimed to denote the description of the deformation of
beams, plates and other structures, given the constitutive behaviour of the material.
The material aspect thus only appears on the phenomenological level. This area would
rightfully have been called 'mechanics of structures' or 'structural mechanics'. The
somewhat different description 'mechanical behaviour of materials' is not entirely
adequate for this book since that title suggests that the treatment is essentially
mechanical. Moreover, the application of the mechanical behaviour to simple
structures and the explanation of the behaviour in structural terms, which is
considered as essential in our approach, are not incorporated. The title reflects our
final choice! For brevity I generally refer to the field as thermomechanics.
Since I realised that my style of writing is compact, I introduced in several chapters
some panels. These panels do not interrupt the line of the discussion but can be read
as an aside, which put a certain topic in perspective, either from a pragmatic, a context
or a historical viewpoint. With respect to history I restricted myself to two or so
panels per chapter with a short biography of eminent scientists. Most of the
information is taken from the books written by Timoshenko', Struikt, Nyet, Love§,
Tanner and Walters" and Cahntt. Another useful source was the book by Hoddeson et
al. tt. The choice of the short biographies is arbitrary and it is likely that other authors
will make another choice. It must be said that history is not always kind to people and
certain topics or subjects are not known by the name of their first discoverer. I
refrained from critical remarks in this respect. For those interested in these aspects the
very detailed works§§ of Clifford Ambrose Truesdell"- might be useful. Contrary to
many textbooks, reference is made to the literature, generally to original presentations,
other textbooks and reviews. On the other hand, only incidental reference is made to
experimental methods.
After having treated the phenomenological equations, the applications of the theory,
and the structural aspects of elasticity, plasticity, visco-elasticity and fracture, in the
last chapter, I tried to provide a personal view and perspective on the whole of
thermomechanics. I hope that the remarks made will be useful to many, although I am
quite sure that it does not cover these areas to the satisfaction of everybody.
The essential ingredients of these notes were already contained in a course on the
mechanical behaviour of materials at the Department of Chemical Engineering and
Chemistry at Eindhoven University of Technology, which I took over some 10 years
ago. The overall set-up as given here has been evolved in the last few years in which
hopefully both the balance in topics and their presentation is improved. I am obliged
to my students and instructors who have followed and used this course and provided
Timoshenko, S.P. (1953), History ofs trength ofm aterials, McGraw-Hill, New York (see also Dover,
1983).
t Struik, D.J. (1948), A concise history ofm athematics, Dover, 1948.
t Nye, M.J. (1996), Before big science, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
§ Love, A.E.H. (1927), A treatise on the mathematical theory of elasticity, 4th ed., Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge (see also Dover, 1944) .
.. Tanner, R.I. and Walters, K. (1998), Rheology: an historical perspective, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
tt Cahn, R.W. (2001), The coming of materials science, Pergamon, Amsterdam.
a Hoddeson, L., Braun, E., Teichmann, J. and Weart, S. (1992), Out oft he crystal maze, Oxford
University Press, New York.
§§ Truesdell, C.A. (1968), Essays in the history ofm echanics, Springer, Berlin, and Truesdell, C.A.
(1980), The tragicomical history of thermodynamics 1822-1854, Springer, Berlin.
... Clifford Ambrose Truesdell (1919-2000). American scientist, who played a highly instrumental role
in the development of so-called rational mechanics and thermodynamics. His main criticism on the
development of the thermodynamics is the continuous and complete mixing up of constitutive
behaviour and basic laws as compared to the more or less separation of these aspects in mechanics.
many useful remarks. In particular I want to thank my colleague Dr. Paul. G. Th. van
der Varst for the careful reading of and commenting on many parts of the manuscript
and many discussions on almost all of the topics covered, which I always enjoyed and
which made clearer to me a great number of aspects. Hopefully this led to an
improvement in the presentation. It has been said before that authors do not finish
their manuscript but abandon it. After the experience of writing this book I recognise
that sentiment. My greatest indebtedness is to my wife who I 'abandoned' for many
hours and days. Without her patience the book would never have been finished.
Obviously, the border between various classical disciplines is fading out nowadays. It
is therefore hoped that these notes are not only useful for the original target audience,
chemists and chemical engineers, but also for materials scientists, mechanical
engineers, physicists and the like. Finally, I fear, the text will not be free of errors.
They are my responsibility. Any comments, corrections or indications of omissions
will be appreciated.
G. de With, July 2005
Acknowledgements
Figures
Figures 1.01, 1.08, 8.06, IS.04 and IS.06 are reprinted by penmsslOn of the Addison-Wesley
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Cover
Scales: an artist's impression of the length scales aspects in thennomechanics. Martijn de With, 200S.