Structure and Function of the Gonadotropins PDF
Preview Structure and Function of the Gonadotropins
Structure and Function of the Gonadotropins BIOCHEMICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY Series Editor: Kenneth W. McKerns STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE GONADOTROPINS Edited by Kenneth W. McKerns Structure and Function of the Gonadotropins Edited by Kenneth W McKerns President The International Society for Biochemical Endocrinology Blue Hill Falls, Maine PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Structure and function of the gonadotropins. (Biochemical endocrinology) Inc1udes bibliographies and index. 1. Gonadotropin. I. McKerns, Kenneth W. QP572.G6S83 599'.01'6 78-12372 ISBN 978-1-4684-3416-3 ISBN 978-1-4684-3414-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4684-3414-9 © 1978 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1978 A Divison of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 Ali rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission [rom the Publisher Contributors J. H. Abel, Jr., Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Colorado State Uni versity, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 H. Abou-Issa, Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medi cine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 Steven Birken, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Phy sicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032 E. M. Bogdanove, Department of Physiology, Medical College of Virginia, Rich mond, Virginia 23298 Irving Boime, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington Univer sity School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 Elisabeth Burzawa-G~rard, Laboratoire de Physiologie Generale et Comparee du Museum National d'Histoire NaturelIe; Laboratoire d'Endocrinologie Comparee Associe au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France Robert E. Canfield, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032 T. T. Chen, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Colorado State Univer sity, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 Gwen V. Childs (formerly Gwen C. Moriarty), Departments of Anatomy and Bio logical Sciences, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611 A. Kent Christensen, Department of Anatomy, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 A. G. Davies, Department of Physiology, Medical School, Birmingham, England M. A. Diekman, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Colorado State Uni versity, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 Yves A. Fontaine, Laboratoire de Physiologie Generale et Comparee du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Laboratoire d'Endocrinologie Comparee Asso cie au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France Jean Garnier, Laboratoire de Biochimie physique, I.N.R.A., Universite de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France v vi Contributors Linda C. Giudice, Department of Biologic a! Chemistry, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90024 Jack Gorski, Departments of Biochemistry and Animal Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 F. Haour, Unite de Recherches sur Ie Controle Hormonal des Activites Cel lulaires, Hopital Debrousse, Lyon, France Mary Hunzicker-Dunn, Department of Biochemistry, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611 Richard A. Jungmann, Department of Biochemistry, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611 Tomasz Kuryl, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Metabolism, National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism and Digestive Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014; present address: Institute of Genetics and Anima! Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mrokow, Poland Thomas Landefeld, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 N. R. Lawrence, Department of Physiology, Medical School, Birmingham, England Janet M. Loring, Department of Biological Chemistry and Laboratory of Human Reproduction and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Richard A. Maurer, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 M. C. McClellan, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Colorado State Univer sity, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 Kenneth W. McKerns, Roselea House, Blue Hill Falls, Maine 04615 Susan McQueen, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 Diana McWilliams, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 D. D. Nansel, Department of Physiology, Medical College of Virginia, Rich mond, Virginia 23298 G. D. Niswender, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 90523 Janet M. Nolin, Department of Physiology, Medical College of Virginia, Rich mond, Virginia 23298 Joanne Orth, Department of Anatomy, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140; present address: Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Milton S. Hershey Medi cal Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 Peter Petrusz, Department of Anatomy and Laboratory for Reproductive Biol ogy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514 John G. Pierce, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90024 Contributors vii P. Rathnam, Cornell University Medical College, New Yolk, New Yolk 10021 L. E. Reichert, Jr., Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 J. M. Saez, Unite de Recherches sur la Controle Hormonal des Activites Cel lulaires, Hopital Debrousse, Lyon, France M. R. Sairam, Reproduction Research Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada Barbara M. Sanborn, Department of Reproductive Medicine and Biology, Uni versity of Texas Health Science Center, Medical School, Houston, Texas 77025 B. B. Saxena, Cornell University Medical College, New Yolk, New Yolk 10021 Anna Steinberger, Department of Reproductive Medicine and Biology, The Uni versity of Texas Health Science Center, Medical School, Houston, Texas 77025 Emil Steinberger, Department of Reproductive Medicine and Biology, Univer sity of Texas Health Science Center, Medical School, Houston, Texas 77025 Roger T. Stone, Department of Reproduction, United States Meat Animal Re search Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933 Clara M. Szego, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Institute, and Can cer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024 Yale J. Topper, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Metabolism, National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism and Digestive Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014 Judith L. Vaitukaitis, Thorndike Memorial Laboratory, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Boston City Hospital; Department of Medicine, Boston Uni versity School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 Claude A. Vil/ee, Department of Biological Chemistry and Laboratory of Human Reproduction and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Darrell N. Ward, Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas System Cancer Center, M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston, Texas 77030 Lech Zwierzchowski, LaboratOlY of Biochemistry and Metabolism, National In stitute of Arthritis, Metabolism and Digestive Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 200 14; present address: Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mrokow, Poland Preface In September of 1977 scientists from many countries met at the Asticou Inn in Maine to present and discuss papers written especially for this monograph. The presentations were informal and directed to the special interests of the audience in order to generate discussions. The authors, many of whom are pioneers and leaders in their field, then had the oppor tunity to revise their contributions, which were brought together with the edited discussions to form this volume. The basic research studies presented here are important because of the essential role of gonadotropins in regulating the ovary and testis. This monograph will therefore be of interest to those concerned with fertility regulation, population control, possible new methods for contraception, and to those concerned with reproduction in domestic animals. Re searchers in other fields may find this monograph useful, as it has been de termined that gonadotropins are secreted by many tumors and are im plicated in many cancers. Human choriogonadotropin also seems to be found in most, if not all, cells of the human body. The significance of this, however, is unknown. The gonadotropins include human choriogonadotropin; lutropin de rived from ovine, bovine, and human sources; prolactin; follicle stimulating hormone; and the combination of fish gonadotropins and mammalian hormones. Various concepts concerning the mechanism of action of gonadotropins and the subcellular distribution of these glyco protein hormones were presented. Much evidence was presented that these large molecules do enter their target cells, are found in the cy toplasm and nucleus, and have critical regulatory effects on cell metab olism and on RNA and DNA synthesis. The primary structure, or the amino acid sequence, of these large polypeptide hormones is known. The folded, or tertiary, structure is un known as are the amino acid residues involved in the active center. ix x Preface I wish to thank the following who served as chairpersons of the vari ous sessions: Harold Spies. Georges Hennen, Marian Jutisz, Dorothy Villee, Fernand Peron, Sidney Roberts, and Robert Neher. This meeting and monograph are part of a continuing series spon sored by the International Society for Biochemical Endocrinology. Prior publications in the series include: Functions of the Adrenal Cortex, Vols. I and II; The Gonads; The Sex Steroids; and Hormones and Cancer. The next monograph will be entitled Synthesis and Release of Adenohy pophyseal Hormones: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms. The meeting for the presentation of papers and discussions will be held at the Chateau de Seillac, Loire Valley, France. Special thanks are due to Sally McDonell, who assisted in the prepa ration of the index, typed the discussions, and acted as general secretary for the great amount of correspondence necessary in the organization of the meeting and monograph. Kenneth W. McKems Blue Hill Falls, Maine Contents 1 Mechanism of Action of Gonadoptropins and the Regulation of Gene Expression 1 Richard A. Jungmann and Mary Hunzicker-Dunn I. Introduction 1 • 2. Development of the cAMP-Protein Kinase System in the Neo natal Rat Ovary 4 • 3. Cyclic-AMP-Dependent Ovarian Nuclear Protein Kinase 8 • 4. Nuclear Translocation of Ovarian Cytoplasmic cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Mechanism of Translocation 8 • 5. Functional Importance of Protein Kinase Trans location 13 • 6. Correlation between Gonadotropin Action and Ovarian Nuclear Activ ity 15 • 7. Conclusion 19 • Discussion 20 • References 24 2 Chemical Approaches to the Structure-Function Relationships of Luteinizing Hormone (Lutropin) 31 Darrell N. Ward 3 Structural and Immunochemical Properties of Human Choriogonadotropin 47 Steven Birken and Robert E. Canfield I. Introduction 47 • 2. Purification 48 • 3. Structure 51 • 4. Carbohydrate Func tion 55 • 5. Synthesis 57 • 6. Immunochemistry and Immunoassay 60 • 7. Bio logical Activities Present in "Crude" and "Purified" hCG 67 • Discussion 72 • References 75 xi
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