Structure and Architecture - School of Architecture

167 Pages·2012·5.91 MB·English

Structure and Architecture
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Structure and Architecture
Angus J. Macdonald
Department of Architecture, University of Edinburgh
Second edition
Architectural Press
OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI
Structure and Architecture
Architectural Press
An imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann
Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP
225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041
A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd
A member of the Reed Elsevier plc group
First published 1994
Reprinted 1995, 1996, 1997
Second edition 2001
© Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd 1994, 2001
All rights reserved. No part of this publication
may be reproduced in any material form (including
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to some other use of this publication) without the
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Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a
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Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission
to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Macdonald, Angus J.
Structure and architecture. – 2nd ed.
1. Structural design. 2. Architectural design
I. Title
721
ISBN 0 7506 4793 0
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
Printed and bound in Great Britain
Composition by Scribe Design, Gillingham, Kent
Contents
Preface vii 6.3 Reading a building as a structural
object 67
Acknowledgements ix
6.4 Conclusion 71
Introduction xi
7 Structure and architecture 73
1 The relationship of structure to building 1 7.1 Introduction 73
7.2 The types of relationship between
2 Structural requirements 9 structure and architecture 73
2.1 Introduction 9 7.3 The relationship between architects
2.2 Equilibrium 9 and engineers 114
2.3 Geometric stability 9
2.4 Strength and rigidity 15 Selected bibliography 124
2.5 Conclusion 21
Appendix 1: Simple two-dimensional force
3 Structural materials 22
systems and static equilibrium 128
3.1 Introduction 22
A1.1 Introduction 128
3.2 Masonry 22
A1.2 Force vectors and resultants 128
3.3 Timber 25
A1.3 Resolution of a force into
3.4 Steel 30
components 129
3.5 Concrete 35
A1.4 Moments of forces 129
A1.5 Static equilibrium and the equations
4 The relationship between structural form
of equilibrium 129
and structural efficiency 37
A1.6 The ‘free-body-diagram’ 132
4.1 Introduction 37
A1.7 The ‘imaginary cut’ technique 132
4.2 The effect of form on internal
force type 37
Appendix 2: Stress and strain 134
4.3 The concept of ‘improved’ shapes in
A2.1 Introduction 134
cross-section and longitudinal
A2.2 Calculation of axial stress 135
profile 40
A2.3 Calculation of bending stress 135
4.4 Classification of structural elements 45
A2.4 Strain 138
5 Complete structural arrangements 47
5.1 Introduction 47 Appendix 3: The concept of statical
5.2 Post-and-beam structures 48 determinacy 140
5.3 Semi-form-active structures 55 A3.1 Introduction 140
5.4 Form-active structures 57 A3.2 The characteristics of statically
5.5 Conclusion 59 determinate and statically
indeterminate structures 140
6 The critical appraisal of structures 60 A3.3 Design considerations in relation to
6.1 Introduction 60 statical determinacy 146
6.2 Complexity and efficiency in structural
design 60 Index 149
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Preface to the
second edition
The major theme of this book is the have had on architectural style and form. The
relationship between structural design and penultimate chapter, on structural criticism,
architectural design. The various aspects of has also been extensively rewritten. It is hoped
this are brought together in the last chapter that the ideas explored in both of these
which has been expanded in this second chapters will contribute to the better
edition, partly in response to comments from understanding of the essential and
readers of the first edition, partly because my undervalued contribution of structural
own ideas have changed and developed, and engineering to the Western architectural
partly as a consequence of discussion of the tradition and to present-day practice.
issues with colleagues in architecture and
structural engineering. I have also added a Angus J. Macdonald
section on the types of relationship which have Department of Architecture,
existed between architects, builders and University of Edinburgh
engineers, and on the influence which these December 2000
vii
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Acknowledgements
Angus Macdonald would like to thank all in their captions. Thanks are due to all those
those, too numerous to mention, who have who supplied illustrations and especially to
assisted in the making of this book. Special Pat Hunt, Tony Hunt, the late Alastair Hunter,
thanks are due to Stephen Gibson for his Jill Hunter and the staff of the picture libraries
carefully crafted line drawings, Hilary Norman of Ove Arup & Partners, Anthony Hunt
for her intelligent design, Thérèse Duriez for Associates, the British Cement Association, the
picture research and the staff of Architectural Architectural Association, the British
Press (and previously Butterworth-Heinemann) Architecture Library and the Courtauld
for their hard work and patience in initiating, Institute.
editing and producing the book, particularly Thanks are also due most particularly to
Neil Warnock-Smith, Diane Chandler, Angela my wife Pat, for her continued
Leopard, Siân Cryer and Sue Hamilton. encouragement and for her expert scrutiny of
Illustrations other than those commissioned the typescript.
specially for the book are individually credited
ix