Structural properties and out-of-plane stability of roller bent steel arches

194 Pages·2017·3.64 MB·English

Structural properties and out-of-plane stability of roller bent
steel arches
Citation for published version (APA):
Spoorenberg, R. C. (2011). Structural properties and out-of-plane stability of roller bent steel arches. [Phd
Thesis 1 (Research TU/e / Graduation TU/e), Built Environment]. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven.
https://doi.org/10.6100/IR716581
DOI:
10.6100/IR716581
Document status and date:
Published: 01/01/2011
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Structural properties and out-of-plane stability of roller
bent steel arches

Structural properties and out-of-plane stability of roller bent steel arches

PROEFSCHRIFT

ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de
Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, op gezag van de
rector magnificus, prof.dr.ir. C.J. van Duijn, voor een
commissie aangewezen door het College voor
Promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen
op dinsdag 13 september 2011 om 16.00 uur

door

Roeland Christiaan Spoorenberg

geboren te Nijmegen
Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotoren:

prof.ir. H.H. Snijder
en
prof.dr. D. Beg

Copromotor:
dr.ir. J.C.D. Hoenderkamp
Samenstelling van de Promotiecommissie:

prof.ir. E.S.M. Nelissen (voorzitter) Technische Universiteit Eindhoven
prof.ir. H.H. Snijder Technische Universiteit Eindhoven
prof.dr. D. Beg University of Ljubljana
dr.ir. J.C.D. Hoenderkamp Technische Universiteit Eindhoven
prof.ir. F. Soetens Technische Universiteit Eindhoven
prof.dr.ir. L.J. Sluys Technische Universiteit Delft
prof.dr.ir. Ph. Van Bogaert Universiteit Gent
dr.ir. J. Maljaars TNO

ISBN 978-90-77172-76-6
First printing July 2011
Keywords: Arch, Out-of-plane stability, Roller bending process, Residual stresses, Mechanical
properties, Finite element analyses.

This thesis was prepared in MS-Word by the author and printed by Ipskamp Drukkers B.V.

Cover design: Roel Spoorenberg

Copyright ©2011 by R.C. Spoorenberg, Eindhoven, the Netherlands

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without prior written permission of the copyright holder.
This research was carried out under the project number MC1.06262 in the
framework of the Research Program of the Materials innovation institute (M2i)
(www.m2i.nl)
Summary vii

Summary

Structural properties and out-of-plane stability of roller bent steel arches

In contemporary architecture the use of steel arches has seen a significant increase. They are
applied in buildings and large span bridges, combining structural design with architectural merits.
For arches lacking lateral support (or freestanding arches) the out-of-plane structural stability
behavior is the decisive design criterion. However, suitable methods or design rules to assess the
out-of-plane structural stability resistance of arches are lacking and the collapse behavior is often
unknown. Nowadays engineers have to perform laborious calculations which can lead either to
conservative or nonconservative arch designs.

This Ph.D. project is aimed at studying the out-of-plane structural stability behavior of steel
arches, and developing design rules for these arches. The out-of-plane structural stability
behavior was studied by means of geometrical and material non-linear finite element analyses
including structural imperfections with ANSYS v. 11.0. The investigation was confined to wide
flange circular freestanding arches which are subjected to in-plane vertical loads and
manufactured by the roller bending process. The roller bending process is a manufacturing
technique by which steel members are bent at ambient temperature into circular arches. It was
expected that the residual stresses and mechanical properties (e.g. yield stress, ultimate tensile
stress) are altered due to roller bending. Since the alteration of residual stresses and mechanical
properties (imperfections) can affect the out-of-plane structural stability of freestanding steel
arches, the influence of the roller bending process was studied first. Residual stress
measurements and tensile tests were conducted on both straight and roller bent members to assess
the influence of roller bending. In addition to the experiments, finite element simulations of the
roller bending process were performed in the ANSYS v. 11.0 environment to estimate the
residual stress distribution in the arches. Good agreement between the experimentally and
numerically obtained residual stresses in roller bent arches was observed.

Based on the experimental and numerical studies of the imperfections in roller bent arches a
residual stress model and distribution of mechanical properties across the steel bent section were
proposed which serve as the initial state of a roller bent arch when assessing its structural
performance by means of non-linear finite element simulations. Numerical analyses showed that
the residual stresses in roller bent arches have a minor influence on the load carrying capacity.
However, the alterations of the mechanical properties can result in a significant reduction of the
arch strength.
viii Structural properties and out-of-plane stability of roller bent steel arches

The existing column curve formulations as given in EC3 were adapted to include out-of-plane
buckling of arches by altering the form of the imperfection parameter. The column curves can
give an accurate prediction of the out-of-plane buckling load provided an appropriate
imperfection parameter is selected and the non-dimensional slenderness is known. Based on
numerous finite element calculations an imperfection parameter curve was derived which was
substituted into the column curve formulation rendering a column curve for roller bent arches
failing by out-of-plane buckling. Finite element results showed that multiple column curves were
necessary to capture the out-of-plane buckling response of arches for various load cases and steel
grades. The column curves require the determination of the non-dimensional slenderness
represented by the in-plane plastic capacity and out-of-plane elastic buckling load. Since any
closed form equations are lacking to approximate these buckling parameters finite element
techniques were adopted. For future research it is recommended that closed-form solutions or
design graphs should be derived with mechanical models to obtain the elastic-plastic buckling
load of freestanding roller bent arches without using finite element analyses.
Samenvatting ix

Samenvatting

Structural properties and out-of-plane stability of roller bent steel arches

Het gebruik van stalen bogen in de hedendaagse architectuur heeft een enorme vlucht genomen.
Stalen bogen worden vooral toegepast in gebouwen en bruggen met grote overspanningen,
waarin de constructieve meerwaarde van de stalen boog wordt gecombineerd met de
architectonische verschijningsvorm. Voor bogen die geen zijdelingse steunen bezitten is knik uit
het vlak het belangrijkste ontwerpcriterium. Geschikte methoden of rekenregels voor het bepalen
van de kniklast uit het vlak zijn nog niet beschikbaar voor ontwerpende ingenieurs en het
bezwijkgedrag van deze bogen is vaak onbekend.

Dit promotieonderzoek is gericht op het bestuderen van knik van stalen bogen uit het vlak en het
ontwikkelen van rekenregels voor deze bogen. Geometrische en materiaal niet-lineaire
imperfecte analyses met behulp van het commercieel beschikbare eindige elementen pakket
ANSYS v. 11.0 werden uitgevoerd voor het bestuderen van het knikgedrag van deze bogen. Het
onderzoeksgebied was beperkt tot cirkelvormige vrijstaande bogen, onderworpen aan verticale
belastingen in het vlak van de boog. De bogen werden gefabriceerd uit rechte breedflensprofielen
door middel van profielbuigen, een fabricageproces dat plaatsvindt bij kamertemperatuur.

Het lag in de lijn der verwachting dat de restspanningen en mechanische eigenschappen
(vloeispanning, treksterkte, etc.) worden beïnvloed door het profielbuigen. Omdat deze
verandering weer van invloed kan zijn op de stabiliteit van vrijstaande bogen werd de invloed
van het profielbuigen eerst bestudeerd. Restspanningen en trekproeven werden uitgevoerd op
rechte en gebogen profielen om de imperfecties ten gevolge van het profielbuigen vast te stellen.
De restspanningen werden daarnaast ook bepaald door middel van eindige elementen
berekeningen met het pakket ANSYS v. 11.0. Goede overeenkomst werd gevonden tussen
experimenteel en numeriek bepaalde restspanningen. Op basis van het experimentele en
numerieke werk van de imperfecties werden een restspanningsmodel en verdelingsmodel van de
mechanische eigenschappen gesuggereerd, die dienen voor de eindige-elementen-berekeningen
voor de zijdelingse stabiliteit van bogen. Eindige-elementen-berekeningen lieten zien dat de
restspanningen in gebogen profielen maar weinig invloed hebben op het stabiliteitsgedrag uit het
vlak van stalen bogen. De mechanische eigenschappen in gebogen profielen hebben een
duidelijke invloed op het knikgedrag en de bijbehorende kniklast.