Structural Loads Analysis for Commercial Transport Aircraft: Theory and Practice

297 Pages·1996·11.82 MB·English

by  Ted L. Lomax

5
6
4
2
6
8
4.
4/
1
5
2
0.
1
OI:
D
g |
or
a.
a
ai
c.
ar
p://
htt
3 |
1
0
2
4,
e
n
u
n J
o
A
R
O
O
D
N
U
B
V
NI
U
T
MI
R
y
b
d
e
d
a
o
nl
w
o
D
Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Structural Loads Analysis
for Commercial Transport
5 Aircraft: Theory and Practice
6
4
2
6
8
4.
4/
1
5
2
0.
1
OI:
D
g |
or
a.
a
ai
c.
ar
p://
htt
3 |
1
0
2
4,
e
n
u
n J
o
A
R
O
O
D
N
U
B
V
NI
U
T
MI
R
y
b
d
e
d
a
o
nl
w
o
D
Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
5
6
4
2
6
8
4.
4/
1
5
2
0.
1
OI:
D
g |
or
a.
a
ai
c.
ar
p://
htt
3 |
1
0
2
4,
e
n
u
n J
o
A
R
O
O
D
N
U
B
V
NI
U
T
MI
R
y
b
d
e
d
a
o
nl
w
o
D
Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Structural Loads Analysis
for Commercial Transport
Aircraft: Theory and Practice
5
6
4
2
6
8
4.
4/
1
5
2
10. Ted L. Lomax
OI:
D
g |
or
a.
a
ai
c.
ar
p://
htt
3 |
1
0
2
4,
e
n
u
n J
o
A
R
O
O
D
N
U
B
V
NI
U
T
MI
R
y
b
d
e
d
a
o
nl &AIAA
w
o
D
EDUCATION SERIES
J. S. Przemieniecki
Series Editor-in-Chief
Air Force Institute of Technology
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
Published by
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.
1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 22091
Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

5
6
4
2
6
8
4.
4/
1
5
2
0.
1
OI:
D
g |
or
a.
a
ai
c.
ar
p://
htt
3 |
1
0
2
4,
e
n
u
n J
o
A
R
O
O
D
N
U
B
V American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., Reston, Virginia
NI
U
T Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
MI
R
y Lomax, Ted L.
d b Structural loads analysis for commercial transport aircraft:
e
d theory and practice / Ted L. Lomax.
a
nlo p. cm. — (AIAA education series)
ow Includes bibliographical references and index.
D 1. Airframes—Design and construction. 2. Structural dynamics.
3. Transport planes—Design and construction. I. Title.
II. Series.
TL671.6.L597 1995 629.134/31—dc20 95-22159
ISBN 1-56347-114-0
Second Printing
Copyright © 1996 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All
rights reserved. Printed in the United States. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
distributed, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval
system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Data and information appearing in this book are for informational purposes only. AIAA is
not responsible for any injury or damage resulting from use or reliance, nor does AIAA
warrant that use or reliance will be free from privately owned rights.
Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Texts Published in the AIAA Education Series
Structural Loads Analysis for Commercial Transport Aircraft: Theory and Practice
TedL. Lomax, 1996
Spacecraft Propulsion
Charles D. Brown, 1996
Helicopter Flight Dynamics: The Theory and Application of Rying Qualities and
Simulation Modeling
Gareth Padfield, 1996
Flying Qualities and Right Testing of the Airplane
Darrol Stinton, 1996
5 Flight Performance of Aircraft
6
4 S. K. Ojha, 1995
2
86 Operations Research Analysis in Test and Evaluation
4.
4/ Donald L. Giadrosich, 1995
1
25 Radar and Laser Cross Section Engineering
0.
1 David C.Jenn, 1995
OI: Introduction to the Control of Dynamic Systems
D
g | Frederick O. Smetana, 1994
or Tailless Aircraft in Theory and Practice
a.
aia Karl Nickel and Michael Wohlfahrt, 1994
arc. Mathematical Methods in Defense Analyses
p:// Second Edition
htt J. S. Przemieniecki, 1994
13 | Hypersonic Aerothermodynamics
0
2 John J. Bertin, 1994
4,
e Hypersonic Airbreathing Propulsion
n
n Ju William H. Heiser and David T. Pratt, 1994
o Practical Intake Aerodynamic Design
A
R E. L. Goldsmith and J. Seddon, Editors, 1993
O
O Acquisition of Defense Systems
D
N J. S. Przemieniecki, Editor, 1993
U
B Dynamics of Atmospheric Re-Entry
NIV Frank J. Regan and Satya M. Anandakrishnan, 1993
U Introduction to Dynamics and Control of Flexible Structures
T
MI John L. Junkins and Youdan Kirn, 1993
R Spacecraft Mission Design
y
d b Charles D. Brown, 1992
de Rotary Wing Structural Dynamics and Aeroelasticity
a
nlo Richard L. Bielawa, 1992
w
o Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach
D
Second Edition
Daniel P. Raymer, 1992
Optimization of Observation and Control Processes
Veniamin V. Malyshev, Mihkail N. Krasilshikov, and Valeri I. Karlov, 1992
Nonlinear Analysis of Shell Structures
Anthony N. Palazotto and Scott T Dennis, 1992
Orbital Mechanics
Vladimir A. Chobotov, 1991
Critical Technologies for National Defense
Air Force Institute of Technology, 1991
Defense Analyses Software
J. S. Przemieniecki, 1991
Inlets for Supersonic Missiles
John J. Mahoney, 1991
Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Texts Published in the AIAA Education Series (continued)
Space Vehicle Design
Michael D. Griffin and James R. French, 1991
Introduction to Mathematical Methods in Defense Analyses
J. S. Przemieniecki, 1990
Basic Helicopter Aerodynamics
J. Seddon, 1990
Aircraft Propulsion Systems Technology and Design
Gordon C. Gates, Editor, 1989
Boundary Layers
5 A. D. Young, 1989
6
24 Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach
6
4.8 Daniel P. Raymer, 1989
4/ Gust Loads on Aircraft: Concepts and Applications
1
5
2 Frederic M. Hoblit, 1988
0.
OI: 1 AircNraofrtm Laann Sdi. nCgu Grreeayr, D19e8s8ign: Principles and Practices
D
g | Mechanical Reliability: Theory, Models and Applications
a.or B. S. Dhillon, 1988
aia Re-Entry Aerodynamics
arc. WilburL. Hankey, 1988
p:// Aerothermodynamics of Gas Turbine and Rocket Propulsion,
13 | htt GReovrdisoend Can. dG Eatnelsa,r g1e9d88
0
4, 2 Advanced Classical Thermodynamics
e George Emanuel, 1988
n
u
n J Radar Electronic Warfare
A o August Golden Jr., 1988
R An Introduction to the Mathematics and Methods of Astrodynamics
O
O Richard H. Battin, 1987
D
N Aircraft Engine Design
U
B Jack D. Mattingly, William H. Reiser, and Daniel H. Daley, 1987
V
NI Gasdynamics: Theory and Applications
T U George Emanuel, 1986
MI Composite Materials for Aircraft Structures
y R Brian C. Hoskins and Alan A. Baker, Editors, 1986
d b Intake Aerodynamics
e
ad J. Seddon and E. L. Goldsmith, 1985
o
nl Fundamentals of Aircraft Combat Survivability Analysis and Design
w
Do Robert E. Ball, 1985
Aerothermodynamics of Aircraft Engine Components
Gordon C. Gates, Editor, 1985
Aerothermodynamics of Gas Turbine and Rocket Propulsion
Gordon C. Gates, 1984
Re-Entry Vehicle Dynamics
Frank J. Regan, 1984
Published by
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., Reston, Virginia
Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Foreword
As one of its major objectives, the AIAA Education Series is creating a compre-
hensive library of the established practices in aerospace design. Structural Loads
5
6 Analysis for Commercial Transport Aircraft: Theory and Practice, by Ted L.
4
2
86 Lomax, provides an authoritative exposition of load analysis theories and practice
4.
4/ as applied to structural design and certification. In writing this text, the author has
1
25 captured years of experience in the field as a structural loads engineer and manager
0.
DOI: 1 at thTeh eB o1e6i ncgh aCpotemrsp ainn yt hoins tseexvte raarle dairfrfaenregnetd t yinpteos toofp cicosm dmeaelricnigal wtriathn smpoarnte auivrcerraifntg.
g | and steady flight loads (symmetrical flight, rolling, yawing, turbulence), landing
or
a. and gust loads, aircraft component loads (horizontal and vertical tail, wing, body,
a
c.ai control surfaces, and high-lift devices), aeroelastic considerations (flutter, diver-
p://ar gence, and control reversal), structural design considerations, and design airspeeds.
htt Each chapter provides some simplified approaches to verify computer-generated
3 | analyses, thereby providing additional confidence that the work is correct. These
1
20 approaches also add to a better understanding of the various parameters influencing
4,
e modern designs.
n
n Ju The AIAA Education Series embraces a broad spectrum of theory and appli-
A o cation of different disciplines in aeronautics and astronautics, including aerospace
OR design practice. The series also includes texts on defense science, engineering, and
O
D technology. It provides both teaching texts for students and reference materials for
N
U practicing engineers and scientists. Structural Loads Analysis for Commercial
B
V Transport Aircraft: Theory and Practice will be a valuable resource for aircraft
UNI design teams. It complements several other texts on aircraft design previously
MIT published in the series.
R
y J. S. Przemieniecki
b
d
e Editor-in-Chief
d
a
nlo AIAA Education Series
w
o
D
Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
5
6
4
2
6
8
4.
4/
1
5
2
0.
1
OI:
D
g |
or
a.
a
ai
c.
ar
p://
htt
3 |
1
0
2
4,
e
n
u
n J
o
A
R
O
O
D
N
U
B
V
NI
U
T
MI
R
y
b
d
e
d
a
o
nl
w
o
D
Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Table
of
Contents
5
46 Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. xiii
2
6
8
4.
14/ Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. xv
5
2
0.
1
OI: Chapter 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1
D
g | 1.1 Applicability of the Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1
a.or 1.2 Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1
a
ai 1.3 Methodogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1
c.
p://ar 1.4 Static Aeroelastic Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2
htt 1.5 Sign Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2
3 |
1
0
4, 2 Chapter 2. Symmetrical Maneuvering Flight.................... 5
ne 2.1 Symmetrical Maneuvering Flight Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5
u
n J 2.2 Symmetrical Maneuver Load Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5
o
A 2.3 Steady-State Symmetrical Maneuvers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7
R
O
O 2.4 Abrupt Pitching Maneuvers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14
D
N 2.5 Abrupt Unchecked Pitch Maneuvers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16
U
V B 2.6 Abrupt Checked Maneuvers (Commercial Requirements) . . . . . .. 20
NI 2.7 Abrupt Checked Maneuvers (Military Requirements).......... 22
U
T 2.8 Minimum Pitch Acceleration Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24
MI
R
y
d b Chapter 3. Rolling Maneuvers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27
e
ad 3.1 Parameters Required for Structural Load Analyses . . . . . . . . . .. 27
o
wnl 3.2 Symmetrical Load Factors for Rolling Maneuvers . . . . . . . . . . .. 27
o
D 3.3 Control Surface Deflections for Rolling Maneuvers . . . . . . . . . .. 29
3.4 Equations of Motion for Rolling Maneuvers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 29
3.5 Maximum Rolling Acceleration and Velocity Criteria ......... 30
3.6 Roll Termination Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33
3.7 Nonlinear Lateral Control Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33
3.8 Aeroelastic Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 35
Chapter 4. Yawing Maneuvers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37
4.1 Parameters Required for Structural Load Analyses . . . . . . . . . .. 37
4.2 Rudder Maneuver Requirements—FAR 25 Criteria . . . . . . . . . .. 37
IX