Structural Detailing: For Architecture, Building and Civil Engineering Students

163 Pages·1985·6.33 MB·English

by  Peter H. Newton C Eng

Structural Detailing
Macmillan BuildingandSurveyingSeries
(Editor:ProfessorIvorH.Seeley)
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STRUCTURAL DETAILING
For Architecture, Building and Civil Engineering Students
Peter H. Newton
CEng,FICE
M
MACMILLAN
©PeterH. Newton 1985
All rightsreserved. No reproduction,copyortransmission
ofthispublicationmay be made withoutwritten permission.
No paragraphofthispublication may be reproduced,copied
or transmittedsave with written permissionorinaccordance
with theprovisionsoftheCopyrightAct1956(as amended).
Any person who doesany unauthorised act in relation to
thispublication may be liable to criminal prosecutionand
civil claimsfordamages.
First published 1985
Published by
Higherand Further Education Division
MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
Houndmills,Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS
and London
Companiesand representatives
throughout the world
British LibraryCataloguingin Publication Data
Newton, Peter H.
Structuraldetailing:forarchitecture,
buildingand civil engineering students.
(Macmillan buildingand surveyingseries)
1. Structuraldrawing
I. Title
624.1'771 T355
ISBN978-1-349-07255-2 ISBN 978-1-349-07253-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-07253-8
CONTENTS
Preface vii Welded connections 21
Acknowledgements ix Typesofwelds 21
Sizesofwelds 22
PART I: Aimsand Objectives in B/TEC Unit Structural Connections between members 23
Detailing /I (U81/826) Column bases 25
Beamsto columns 25
1. The construction process 3 Notchingof beams 25
Design 3 Eccentric connections 25
Detailing 3 Beams to beams 25
The manufactureofstructural steelwork 3 Splicingbeams 28
The erection ofstructural steelwork 4 Column splices 28
The manufactureofreinforced concrete structures 5 Sizing ofjoints 28
Steel reinforcement 7
The role ofthe detailer 8 4. Detailingsteelwork 31
Beams 31
2. Drawing office practice 9 Columns 34
Equipment 9 Marking plans 34
Pencilsand pens 9 The grid system 34
Setsquaresand protractors 9 Sequential system 34
Compassesand circle templates 9 Piece mark system 34
Scales 9 Schedules 37
Drawing boardsand tee squares 10 Drawing office materials lists 37
Erasers, erasing shields and sandpaper blocks 10 Bolt lists 38
Drawing media 10 Despatch lists 41
Draughting 11
Projection 12 5. Reinforced concrete 43
Dimensioning 12 Simple theory 43
Lettering 13 Concrete 44
Drawing layout 14 Reinforcement 44
Concrete cover 45
3. Structural steelwork 16 Spacingofreinforcement 46
Hot rolled sections 16 Detailingofreinforcement 46
Cold rolled sections 16 General principles for drawing 47
Bolted connections 17 Typesofdrawings used for reinforced concrete 48
End distance 17 Construction procedure and itseffecton detailing 48
Back mark 17
Maximum boltsize 17 6. Detailing reinforced concrete 49
Dimensioningofholes 20 Detailing column bases 49
Symbols 20 Detailing columns 50
v
vi Contents
Detailingbeams 51 PARTIII: ReferenceMaterial 113
Detailingfloorslabs 54
Barschedules 55 Table 1. Universal beams- dimensionsfordetailing 114
Hooksandbends 57 Table 2. Universal columns- dimensionsfor detailing 116
Theshapeof reinforcement 57 Table 3. Joists- dimensionsfor detailing 117
Computerisedbarschedules 57 Table 4. Channels- dimensionsfordetailing 118
Completed barschedules 57 Table 5. Equalangles- dimensionsfor detailing 120
Table 6. Unequalangles- dimensionsfor detailing 122
Table 7. Rolledtees- dimensionsfordetailing 123
PARTII: AimsandObjectivesinBjTECUnitStructural Table 8. Structural teescut from universal beams-
DetailingIII (U81j837) 61 dimensionsfor detailing 124
Table 9. Structural teescut from universal columns-
7. Further structural steelwork 63 dimensionsfor detailing 126
Latticeconstruction 63 Table10. Blackboltsand nutsto BS 4190 - range
Triangulation 63 ofsizes 127
Centroidofcross-section 64 Table11. Blackwashersto BS4320 - rangeofsizes 127
Fabricationoftrusses 64 Table12. Manufacturers' recommended rangeof
Detailingoflatticeframes 67 sizesof blackbolts- grade4.6 128
Portalframedconstruction 67 Table13. HSFGboltsand nuts to BS4395: Part I-
Thecladdingofsteelstructures 73 rangeof sizes 129
Welded plategirders 73 Table14. Lengthof bolts 129
Schedules 77 Table15. HSFGwashersto BS 4395:PartI - range
Pre-printeddetailsheets 81 ofsizes 129
Table16. Manufacturers'recommended rangeofsizes
8. Further reinforcedconcrete 86 of HSFGbolts- generalgrade 130
Foundations 86 Thedetailingofstructural steelworkaccordingto as449:
Cantileveredslabs 86 Theuseofstructuralsteel inbuilding 131
Walls 89 Metsecpurlinsandsiderails- sectiondimensions
Staircasesand landings 91 and properties 134
Retainingwalls 91 Metsecpurlinpiercings,sleevesand cleats 135
Fabricreinforcement 95 Metsecpurlinjrail cleats 136
Ward purlins 137
9. Structural timber 97 Ward claddingrails 138
Nails 97 Ward cleats 139
Screws 97 Thedetailingof reinforcement accordingto CP110: The
Bolts 97 structural useofconcrete 140
Timberconnectors 97 Thedetailingof reinforcement accordingto CP114: The
Metal platefasteners 98 structuraluseofreinforcedconcrete inbuilding 146
Joist hangers 99 Measurementof bendingdimensionsof barsfor
Framedconstructioninthe 1980s 99 reinforcedconcrete - preferredshapes(table6from
Trussedrafters 99 BS 4466). 151
Timberfor trussedrafters 101 Steelfabricreinforcement to BS 4483 154
Detailingtrussedrafters 101
Computer example 102 Bibliography 155
Manufactureof trussedrafters 102
Workonsite 102 Index 156
PREFACE
Structural detailing consists of transforming the work of a In the second place methods are standard - standard
structural engineer into working drawings for the use of the projections, standard scales, standard symbols and notation,
builder. It sounds quite simple. That it is not is evidenced by standard scheduling and listing. Standard methods are under
the many 'bog-ups'andeven failures, thatare constructed.The stood by all parties to the process, so reducing the risk of
authorhasspenthalfalifetimeworkingforconsuItingengineers, errordue to faulty communication.
contractorsand governmentorganisations, at home and abroad, Finally the techniques are standard - standard hole sizes
and writes from experience. He has spent the last decade and spacings, standard edge distancesand cover, to name buta
instructing young people in, among other things, the art of few. These have evolved from decades of practical experience
detailing. to ensure adequate standardsofconstruction and, hence,good
In the first place, not all designers have enough knowledge service and safety.
of how things are done, and in the second, notallcontractors It may all sound rather boring,butthink how difficultGod
appreciate the reasons behind the design. It is for the detailer would have found it makinga man from a Picasso.
to bring these two together and to produce workingdrawings The rules are contained in a number of documents. Some
that do not frustrate the intentions of the designer and are are British Standards, some proprietary handbooksand others
easy for the contractor to follow, simply and economically. are reports and recommendations of learned bodies. The
The detailer should, ideally, have a good understanding of practising detailer will need to be in possession of up-to-date
both design and construction. But the intended reader of this copies of all the documents pertaining to the discipline in
book is young and inexperienced and has not yet mastered which he or she works. It is unlikely that it will include
bending moments and shearing forces, principal stresses and structural steelwork, reinforced concrete and timber simul
limit states, areas of steel and equivalent lengths. For this taneously, but the cost ofthe documentswillstill beconsider
reason the book has been written for the reader with littleor able.
no prior knowledge of structural mechanics and simple ex For the student of all three, this book provides sufficient
planations are givenofthe behaviourofstructural components reference information (with the approval of the copyright
inservice. holders) for a start to be made with detailing.Throughout the
Similarly it isassumed thatthe readerwill have had little or text appropriate clauses and tables are quoted and,in part III,
no site experience and, in any case, will have little real under extracts are given, which will enable the reader to practise
standing of the processesthatare going on (don't worry,some detailing other structures insteel, concrete and timber,follow
of the olderhands haven'teither!). Here, again,an attempthas ingtheexamplesgiven ineach chapter.
been made to describe the construction process, insofar as it The assumption has been made throughout the book that
affects the work of the detailer. At the same time, the reader the design considerations have been made - the sizes of the
should lose no opportunity to visit sites ofconstruction, watch sections have been determined; the number and sizes ofnails,
steelwork being erected, reinforcement fixed, concrete placed bolts and welds have been calculated; the types, sizes and
and roofs constructed - all, of course, with the permission of distribution of reinforcementare known.This isnota reference
the agentand lorengineer. book and it is not exhaustive. It is a textbook leading the
Detailing is a game played to rules. In the first place the reader, with little prior knowledge, gently through the art of
materials are standard - standard steel sections, standard basic detailing, not architectural detailing, but structural
reinforcement, standard timber sizes, standard quality. Non detailing.
standard materials can be used, but they are not readily It is hoped that students following the book assiduously
available and usually costa lot more. will acquit themselves with distinction in the B/TEC units of
vii
Structural Detailing II and III and so endear themselves to numbers increasing in the future. He begs the forbearance of
theiremployers. female readers for the occasional use of the male pronoun to
Lastly. theauthorhasmetwomen engineers and technicians, cover both genders.
both as colleagues and students, and looks forward to their
PETER H.NEWTON
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Theauthor would like to acknowledge the help he has received stored ina retrieval system without their permission.
from the following. The Concrete Society for permission to use the material
Braithwaite &CompanyStructural Limited,NeptuneWorks, contained in Technical Report No. 2 Standard method of
Newport, Gwent, for explaining the use of numerically con detailingreinforcedconcrete, being a reportofa jointcommit
trolled machines and their effect on the detailingofsteelwork tee of the Concrete Society and the Institution of Structural
connections,and for supplyingexamples. Engineers.
Robert Watson&Company (Steelwork) Ltd, Filton, Bristol, The Cement and Concrete Association for permission to
for explaining current practice in the fabrication of welded base some of the detailing exampleson Designedand Detailed
portal frames, and for supplyingexamples. by 1.B. Higginsand M.R. Hollington.
Extracts from British Standards are reproduced by per Copies of both the last two publications can be obtained
mission of the British Standards Institution, 2 Park Street, from theC&CA,Wexham Springs,Slough SL3 6PL.
London, WlA 2BS, from whom complete copies of the Mallinson Denny (George Hooper), The Leggar, Bridgwater,
standardscan beobtained. Somerset, for explaining current practice in thefabrication of
Details of the steel sections and dimensions included in trussed timber rafters.
part III have been taken from the StructuralSteelwork Hand Metal Sections Ltd, Oldbury,WestMidlands,for permission
book and are reproduced in this publication by permission of to reproduce their tablesofMetsec purlins.
the British Construction Steelwork Association Ltd and Ward Brothers (Sherburn) Ltd, Sherburn,North Yorkshire,
Constrado. Copiesofthis completepublication, which contains for permission to reproduce illustrations and tables of their
the Safe Load Tables, can be obtained from the BCSA Ltd, Multibeam purlin and rail system.
92-96 Vauxhall Bridge Road, London, SWlV 2RL, or Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders
Constrado, NLATower,Addiscombe Road,CroydonCR9 31H. but, if any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publisher
The copyright of these extracts belongs to the BCSA and will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the
Constrado and they may not be re-copied in any form or first opportunity.
ix