Structural Complexity Management: An Approach for the Field of Product Design PDF
Preview Structural Complexity Management: An Approach for the Field of Product Design
Structural Complexity Management · · Udo Lindemann Maik Maurer Thomas Braun Structural Complexity Management An Approach for the Field of Product Design 123 Prof.Dr.-Ing.UdoLindemann Dr.-Ing.MaikMaurer TUMu¨nchen Teseon GmbH Lehrstuhlfu¨r Parkring 4 Produktentwicklung 85748 Garching Boltzmannstr.15 Germany 85748Garching [email protected] Germany [email protected] Dr.-Ing.ThomasBraun Teseon GmbH Parkring 4 85748 Garching Germany [email protected] ISBN:978-3-540-87888-9 e-ISBN:978-3-540-87889-6 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008935906 (cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2009 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9, 1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsare liabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelaws andregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Coverdesign:eStudioCalamarS.L. Printedonacid-freepaper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Foreword Complexity management represents a challenging task for a large field of different applications. Consequently, people occupied with this task possess varying back- grounds and objectives. This book primarily addresses people engaged in the planning, projecting, and managing aspects of product design. Here, we do not dif- ferentiate between product-, process-, or organization-related occupancy, as the need for complexity management can arise from all of these areas. Furthermore, this book addresses students and researchers interested in new possibilities of complexity management from a scientific point of view. The starting point for developing the structural complexity management pre- sented in this book was the need for specifically designed product structures. The authors were confronted with the question of developing a suitable layout that al- lowed designers to easily adapt products to customer needs in order to serve mod- ern business strategies of enhanced product customization. In this context, the key issue depicts the management of dependencies within the elements in technical systems, as these represent the main source of complexity in product design. These dependencies form comprehensive structures; therefore, the term structural complexity management was created. Often, complexity management is understood as the management of product variants only. Structural complexity management exceeds this, as further discip- lines and aspects of product design can be considered simultaneously. The appli- cation of the term structure in the context presented here differs from its use in si- mulation approaches on, for example, geometric constructions. The structural complexity management operates primarily with non-quantified linkages between system elements in order to identify a general system behavior. This ensures that minimal information about the system dependencies and structural complexity management can be applied in the early phases of product design – where deci- sions possess far-reaching consequences. However, in the later phases of product design structural complexity management is also essential, as large numbers of elements and dependencies must be efficiently handled. This book results from the authors’ experience in research as well as in industry applications of complexity management. We would like to thank all collaborating enterprises for their successful commitment to this project. Special thanks go to Ulrich Herfeld and Franz Fürst from Audi AG as well as Johann Warga, Friedrich Boecking and Matthias Greiner from Robert Bosch GmbH for enduring support. Garching, July 2008 Udo Lindemann, Maik Maurer and Thomas Braun Contents 1 The challenge of complexity .............................................................................. 1 1.1 Increase of complexity in engineering development ................................... 3 1.2 The market as the source of increasing complexity ..................................... 5 1.3 The role of structure in evaluation of complex systems .............................. 8 1.4 Opportunities due to complexity in product development ......................... 10 1.5 Example of a race car development ........................................................... 12 1.5.1 Project description .............................................................................. 12 1.5.2 Problem description............................................................................ 13 1.5.3 Opportunities due to improved structural considerations ................... 16 1.6 Requirements for effective complexity management ................................ 16 2 Complexity in the context of product design .................................................. 21 2.1 Definitions and characteristics ................................................................... 22 2.1.1 System ................................................................................................ 22 2.1.2 Structure ............................................................................................. 24 2.1.3 Complexity ......................................................................................... 25 2.2 Problems with handling complexity .......................................................... 30 2.3 Complexity management strategies ........................................................... 31 2.3.1 Acquisition and evaluation of complex systems ................................ 31 2.3.2 Avoidance and reduction of complexity ............................................. 34 2.3.3 Management and control of complexity ............................................. 35 2.4 Opportunities of controlled complexity ..................................................... 36 2.5 Structure consideration for controlling complexity ................................... 37 2.5.1 Objectives ........................................................................................... 37 2.5.2 Information visualization ................................................................... 39 2.5.3 Computational approaches and algorithms ........................................ 41 2.6 Significance of complexity in product design............................................ 41 3 Methods for managing complex data in product design ............................... 43 3.1 Overview of applied methodologies .......................................................... 43 3.2 Application of graph theory ....................................................................... 47 3.3 Matrix-based approaches ........................................................................... 49 3.3.1 Intra-domain matrices ........................................................................ 50 3.3.2 Inter-domain matrices ........................................................................ 54 3.3.3 Combined application of intra- and inter-domain matrices ................ 54 VIII Contents 3.3.4 Multiple-Domain Matrices ................................................................. 56 3.4 Status quo of applied methods ................................................................... 59 4 The procedure of structural complexity management .................................. 61 4.1 Applicability of conventional complexity management ............................ 61 4.2 Procedure of structural complexity management ....................................... 62 5 Modeling the Multiple-Domain Matrix .......................................................... 67 5.1 Actually applied system definitions ........................................................... 67 5.2 The construction of the Multiple-Domain Matrix ...................................... 69 5.3 The items of the Multiple-Domain Matrix ................................................. 72 5.4 A system definition by the Multiple-Domain Matrix................................. 78 6 Information acquisition .................................................................................... 79 6.1 Requirements for assuring data quality ...................................................... 79 6.2 Information extraction from available data sets ......................................... 82 6.3 Information acquisition from interviews .................................................... 83 6.4 Representation of system structures ........................................................... 87 6.4.1 The scope of matrices ......................................................................... 89 6.4.2 The scope of graphs ............................................................................ 95 6.5 Representing structural contexts by graphs and matrices .......................... 98 7 Deduction of indirect dependencies ................................................................ 99 7.1 Information acquisition in domain-spanning contexts ............................... 99 7.2 Deduction of indirect dependencies from Multiple-Domain Matrices..... 101 7.3 Logics for the deduction of indirect dependencies................................... 104 7.4 Strategies for the deduction of indirect dependencies .............................. 114 8 Structure analysis ........................................................................................... 119 8.1 Matrix-based methods of structure analysis ............................................. 122 8.2 Structure analysis based on graph theory ................................................. 126 8.2.1 Basic analysis criteria for the characterization of nodes and edges .. 127 8.2.2 Basic analysis criteria for the characterization of subsets ................ 131 8.2.3 Basic analysis criteria for the characterization of systems ............... 135 8.3 Effective procedure of structure analysis ................................................. 139 9 Product design application ............................................................................ 143 9.1 Structure manual ...................................................................................... 144 9.2 Structure potentials .................................................................................. 149 9.2.1 Tearing approach .............................................................................. 150 9.2.2 Structural pareto analysis ................................................................. 153 10 Use case: Automotive safety development .................................................. 155 10.1 Problem Description .............................................................................. 155 10.2 System definition ................................................................................... 157 Contents IX 10.3 Information acquisition .......................................................................... 158 10.4 Deduction of indirect dependencies ....................................................... 159 10.5 Structure analysis ................................................................................... 161 10.6 Product design application ..................................................................... 163 10.6.1 Improved system management ....................................................... 163 10.6.2 Improved system design ................................................................. 169 11 Use case: Development of high pressure pumps ........................................ 171 11.1 Problem description ............................................................................... 171 11.2 System definition ................................................................................... 172 11.3 Information acquisition .......................................................................... 174 11.4 Deduction of indirect dependencies ....................................................... 176 11.5 Structure analysis ................................................................................... 179 11.6 Product design application ..................................................................... 181 Literature ........................................................................................................... 189 Appendix ............................................................................................................ 197 A1 Deduction of indirect dependencies ......................................................... 198 A2 Analysis criteria for single-domain networks .......................................... 201 A2.1 Characterization of nodes and edges ................................................ 201 Active sum, passive sum ....................................................................... 201 Activity ................................................................................................. 202 Articulation node .................................................................................. 203 Attainability .......................................................................................... 204 Bridge edge ........................................................................................... 205 Bus ........................................................................................................ 206 Closeness .............................................................................................. 207 Criticality .............................................................................................. 208 Distance (global) ................................................................................... 209 End node, start node ............................................................................. 210 Isolated node ......................................................................................... 211 Leaf ....................................................................................................... 212 Transit node .......................................................................................... 213 A2.2 Characterization of subsets ............................................................... 214 Bi-connected component ...................................................................... 214 Cluster, completely cross-linked ........................................................... 215 Cluster, based on a strongly connected part .......................................... 216 Distance (between nodes) ..................................................................... 217 Feedback loop ....................................................................................... 218 Hierarchy .............................................................................................. 219 Locality ................................................................................................. 220 Path ....................................................................................................... 221 Quantity of indirect dependencies ........................................................ 222 Similarity .............................................................................................. 223 X Contents Spanning tree ........................................................................................ 224 Strongly connected part/component...................................................... 225 A2.3 Characterization of systems .............................................................. 226 Banding ................................................................................................. 226 Clustering .............................................................................................. 227 Degree of connectivity .......................................................................... 228 Distance matrix ..................................................................................... 229 Matrix of indirect dependencies ............................................................ 230 Partitioning (triangularization, sequencing) .......................................... 231 A3 Methods for the construction of a structure manual ................................. 232 Feed-forward analysis ........................................................................... 232 Impact check list ................................................................................... 233 Mine seeking ......................................................................................... 234 Structural pareto analysis ...................................................................... 235 Trace-back analysis ............................................................................... 236 Index ................................................................................................................... 237
The list of books you might like
