Structural behavior of small-scale steel models

209 Pages·2017·5.18 MB·English

Missouri University of Science and Technology
Scholars' Mine
Wei-Wen Yu Center for Cold-Formed Steel
Center for Cold-Formed Steel Structures Library
Structures
01 Apr 1968
Structural behavior of small-scale steel models
William A. Litle
David C. Foster
Duke Oakes
Philip A. Falcone
et. al. For a complete list of authors, see https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/ccfss-library/196
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/ccfss-library
Part of the Structural Engineering Commons
Recommended Citation
Litle, William A.; Foster, David C.; Oakes, Duke; Falcone, Philip A.; and Reimer, Richard B., "Structural
behavior of small-scale steel models" (1968). Center for Cold-Formed Steel Structures Library. 196.
https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/ccfss-library/196
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STEEL RESEi\RCH fo1· (?onstrt•ction
STR-UCTlJRAL BEIIA\liOR OF
SMALL-S(~ALE Sl'EEI~ j\tiODEI_jS
- A1assachusetts Institute of Technology
I Fabrication Techniques for Small-Scale Steel Models
II Ultimate Strength Behavior of Small-Scale
8WF31 Beam-Columns
Ill Ultimate Strength Behavior of Small-Scale Steel Frameworks
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o Committee of Structural Steel Producers • Committee of Steel Plate Producers
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1 ~ BULLETIN No. 10, APRIL, 1968
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF
SMALL-SCALE STEEL MODELS
Page No.
FABRICATION TECHNIQUES FOR SMALL-SCALE STEEL MODELS 3
by William A. Litle and David C. Foster
II ULTIMATE STRENGTH BEHAVIOR OF SMALL-SCALE 8WF31 BEAM-COLUMNS 69
by William A. Litle and Duke Oakes
Ill ULTIMATE STRENGTH BEHAVIOR OF SMALL-SCALE STEEL FRAMEWORKS 143
by William A. Litle, Philip A. Falcone and Richard B. Reimer
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Committee of Structural Steel Producers • Committee of Steel Plate Producers
american iron and steel institute
PRINTED IN U.S.A. 3M 468
Fabrication Techniques for
Small-Scale Steel Models
by
WILLIAM A. LITLE
DAVID CLARKE FOSTER
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research p roject was carried out in the Structural Models Laboratory of the Departme nt of Civil
Engineering at the Massachusetts I nstitute of Technology. The project was sponsored by the Committee
of Structu ral Steel Producers and the Committee of Steel Plate Producers of American lron and Steel
Inst itute, and the Structural Steel Fabricators of New England.
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT ... 7
LIST OF TABLES 8
LIST OF FIGURES 9
PART I
1. INTRODUCTION 1 1
1.1 Small-Scale Model Studies 1 1
1.2 Purpose of Present Research 1 1
1.3 Background . . . . . . . . 1 1
1.3.1 Material ..... . 1 1
1.3.2 Section Fabrication 1 1
2. MODEL TECHNIQUES 12
2.1 Section Fabrication 12
2.2 Materials ..... 12
2.3 Joining Techniques 13
2.3.1 Silver Solder 13
2.3.2 Heliarc Welding (TIG) 13
2.3.3 Tension Tests of Butt Welded Joints 13
2.4 Conclusions on Materials and Joining Techniques 16
2.5 Model Sections .... 16
3. JOINT AND BEAM TESTS 19
3.1 Joint Tests ..... . 19
3. 1.1 Purpose . . . . 19
3.1.2 Tension Tests on Flange and Web Samples 19
3.1.3 Joint Test Results ........... . 19
3.1.3.1 14WF103-14WF103 Connection 19
3.1.3. 2 14WF 103-21 WF62 Connection 19
3.1.3.3 Cantilever Tests 28
3.2 Beam Tests .. 28
3 .2.1 Purpose ..... . 28
3. 2. 2 Test Results . . . . 28
4. FRAMEWORK FABRICATION 36
5. CONCLUSIONS ....... . 45
5
Table of Contents (Continued)
Page
PART II
1. TENSION TESTS 49
1.1 Plane Tension Samples . 49
1.1.1 Testing Procedure 49
1.1.2 C I 010 Tensile Specimens 49
1.1.3 C 10 20 Tensile Specimens 49
1.1.4 Flange and Web Specimens from C I 020 Steel Model Beams 49
1 .2 Welded Tension Samples ..................... . 52
1.2.1 Fabrication ........................ . 52
1.2.2 ClOlO and Cl020 Welded Samples with Oxweld 65 Filler Wire 52
1.2.3 B 1 113 Welded Samples 52
2. JOINT TESTS ............ . 52
2. 1 Testing Procedure . . . . . . . . . 52
2.2 14WF103-I4WF103 Connections 54
2.3 14WF 103-21 WF62 Connections 54
2.4 Cantilever Connections 60
3. BEAM TESTS . . . . . 60
3. 1 Testing Procedure . 60
3. 2 Beam Test Results 60
3.2.1 14WFI03 60
3.2.2 21WF62 60
REFERENCES . . . . . . 67
6
ABSTRACT
This project was directed to the problem of fabricating small scale steel wide flange sections, small scale
joints, and a small scale building frame. It was accomplished through the testing of 44 tensile coupons of
which 18 were butt welded, the study of feasible fabrication techniques, the testing of four milled wide
flanged beams and eight fabricated joints, and the construction of a 1I IS-scale space framework.
The essential conclusions derived from the various experiments and experiences are as follows:
1. The chemical and mechanical properties of C 1020 hot rolled steel are such that it may be used
satisfactorily in the modeling of steel structures.
2. Milling wide flange sections from hot rolled bar stock is a reliable and accurate method for fabricating
small scale sections with element thickness down to 25 thousandths of an inch.
3. Tension and joint tests demonstrated that the heliarc process with Industrial Stainless 410 filler rods
provides more than adequate strength and ductility for joining C 1020 model sections.
4. High ultimate values obtained in the non-annealed joint tests are a result of the heating effect of the
welding process and/or a change in the chemical properties of the steel due to the filler rod.
a. Pre-annealing of the sections before welding did not lower the ultimate moment values obtained to
the post-annealed value.
b. Non-annealed welded tension samples failed outside the one-inch gauge length or just inside
adjacent to the gauge line.
c. Beam tests demonstrated little difference between the annealed and non-annealed yield and
ultimate moments.
5. Fabrication of a complete framework is possible, but it is necessary to fix elements during assembly
and to follow a predetermined sequence of assembly to reduce shrinkage deformations. This sequence
may vary with each structure.
6. Until more refinements are made in the welding process, it is necessary to anneal whole frameworks to
obtain member behavior consistent with stress-strain characteristics of the material.
7
LIST OF TABLES
Page
I. Mechanical and Chemical Properties of ASTM A36 and SAE B 1113, Cl 010, and Cl 020 13
2. Chemical and Physical Properties of Heliarc Filler Rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3. Comparison of Specified and Actual Dimensions for 14WF 103 and 21 WF62 Sections 18
4. Section Yield Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5. Distance Between Floors - Flange to Flange . . . . . . . . 4 7
6. Column to Column Distance - Flange Edge to Flange Edge 48
7. Results of Plain Tension Tests with C 10 1 0 and C 1 020 Steels 50
8. Results of Web and Flange Tension Tests from 14WF1 03 and 21 WF62 Model Beams C 1020 Steel 51
9. Results of Heliarc Welded Tension Samples 53
10. Data for 14WFI03-14WFI03 Joint Tests 55
II. Data for 14WF103-21WF62 Joint Tests 56
12. Data for Cantilever Tests ... 6.4
13. Data for 14WF 103 Beam Tests 65
14. Data for 21WF62 Beam Tests 66
8
liST OF FIGURES
Page
1. Typical Stress-Strain Curves of SAE C1 010, C I 020, B I 113, ASTM-A36 Steels 14
2. Schema tic Diagram of Heliarc Welding Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3. Stress-Strain Curves for CI010, CI020, Blll3 Welded Tension Samples 17
4a 14WFI03-14WFI03 Testing Setup ...... . 20
4b Dimensions for 14WFI03-14WFI03 Corner Joint 21
Sa 14WF103-21WF62 Testing Setup ........ . 20
Sb Dimensions for 14WF I 03--21 WF62 Corner Joint 21
6a Cantilever Testing Setup ........... . 20
6b Dimension for Interior Joint 14WF I 03 Column--21 WF62 Beam 22
7. Annealing -Effect on !4WFI03 Web and Flange Tension Samples- CI020 H.R. Steel 23
8. Annealing- Effect on 21WF62 Web Tension Samples- C1020 H.R. Steel 24
9. Extrapolation of Yield and Plastic Moments from Knee Fact to Knee Haunch 25
I 0. 14WF I 03 -14WF I 03 Moment Deflection Curves .............. . 26
II. 14WFI 03 -21 WF62 Moment Deflection Curves 27
12. Extrapolation of Yield and Plastic Moments from Flange Face to Column Centerline 29
13. Moment Deflection Curve for Post-Annealed Cantilever Test 30
14. Moment Deflection Curve for Pre-Annealed Cantilever Test 31
15. Moment Deflection Curve for Non-Annealed Cantilever Test 32
16a 14WF I 03 Beam Test Setup .......... . 33
16b Moment Deflection Curves for 14WF I 03 Beams .. . 34
17a 21 WF62 Beam Test Setup ............. . 33
17b Moment Deflection Curves for 21 WF62 Model Beams 35
18. Assembly Drawing ........ . 37
19. Girder to Column Web Joint Detail . 38
20. Girder to Column Flange Connection 39
21. Heliarc Welder .......... . 40
22. Tack and Finished Weld on Beam Seat 40
23. Tack and Finished Weld on Top Plate 40
24. Weld Vapor Honed . 40
25. Finished Beam 41
26. Tacked Web Stiffener 41
27. Web Stiffener Welded and Vapor Honed 41
28. Finished Column . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
29. Columns and Beams Clamped in Place for Welding 42
30. Beam Tacked to Column Web ....... . 42
31. Completed Beam to Column Web Connection 42
32. Completed Frame Subassembly ....... . 42
33. Beam to Column Flange Connection Clamped in Place for Welding 43
34. Tack Weld on Beam to Column Flange Connection 43
35. Formation of Framework Subassembly 43
36. Addition of Test Frame Subassembly 44
37. Completed Framework ....... . 44
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