Strong Motion Instrumentation for Civil Engineering Structures

596 Pages·2001·32.165 MB·English

by  Timothy K. Ahern (auth.), M. Erdik, M. Celebi, V. Mihailov, N. Apaydin (eds.)

Strong Motion Instrumentation for
Civil Engineering Structures
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Strong Motion Instrumentation for
Civil Engineering Structures
edited by
M. Erdik
Department of Earthquake Engineering,
Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute,
Department of Earthquake Engineering,
Bogazivi University,
yengelk6y, Istanbul, Turkey
M. Celebi
U.S. Geological Survey,
Menlo Park, CA, U.S.A.
v.
Mihailov
Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology,
University of 'St. Cyril and Methodius',
Republic of Macedonia
and
N. Apaydm
Motorway Bridge Department,
General Directorate ofTurkish Highways,
Zincirlikuyu, Istanbul, Turkey
Springer Science+Business Media, B.V.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Strong Motion Instrumentation for Civil Engineering Structures
Istanbul, Turkey
June 2-5, 1999
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-0-7923-6917-2 ISBN 978-94-010-0696-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-0696-5
Printed an acid-free paper
AII Rights Reserved
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2001
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 2001
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or
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copyright owner.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface .ix
Timothy K.Ahern
State-ofThe-ArtTechnologyForData Storage andDissemination 1
Moh 1.Huang, AnthonyF. Shakal
Structure Instrumentation In The California Strong Motion Instrumentation
Program 17
Farzad Naeim
LearningFromSeismic ResponseofInstrumentedBuildings
DuringThe 1994 NorthridgeEarthquake .33
RobertNigbor, John Fort
New DevelopmentsIn Health MonitoringForCivil Structures 53
Dario Rinaldis
ExperimentalDynamicAnalysisofHistoric Monuments andBuildings 61
William U.Savage
Utilization ofRapidPost-EarthquakeData By Utilities 81
Erdal Safak
Analysis ofEarthquakeRecords FromStructures:An Overview 91
R.T.Severn
StructuralMonitoring ofBridges -An Overview 109
M.D.Trifunac, M.1.Todorovska
RecordingandInterpretingEarthquakeResponseofFull-ScaleStructures 131
RobertF. BallardJr.
u.s.
The Army Corps ofEngineersSeismicStrong-Motion
Instrumentation Program 157
R.D.Borcherdt, H.P. Liu, R.E. Westerlund, C. Dietel, 1.F. Gibbs,R.E.Warrick
IntegratedSurface andBoreholeStrong-Motion, Soil-Response
Arrays in San Francisco, California 167
Mehmet Celebi
Current and New Trends In Utilization ofData From InstrumentedStructures ....179
vi
G.R. Darbre
Instrumentation ofDam StructuresIn Switzerland 195
E. Durukal,M.Erdik, S.Cimilli
StrongMotion Networks:A Toolfor theAssessmentofEarthquake
ResponseofHistoricalMonuments 209
John R. Evans
WirelessMonitoring and Low-CostAccalerometersForStructures
AndUrban Sites .229
Asterios A.Liolios
TheNeedfor Data FromInstrumentedStructuresfor an OptimalControl
Approach to the Seismic Interaction betweenAdjacentBuildings .243
C. Richard Liu, LanlingZhou, Xuemin Chen, S.T.Mau
WirelessSensorsfor StructuralMonitoring 253
Jose A. Martinez-Cruzado,Esteban L. Llop-Ramirez
Puerto Rico Strong Motion NetworkandInstrumentedBuildings 267
VladimirMihailov,Dragi Dojcinovski
Strong Motion Instrumentations ofDams InMacedonia Some
ExperienceandResults 275
YutakaNakamura
An EffectiveEarthquake MonitoringProcess ForEmergencyResponse 293
YutakaNakamura, Dilek E.Gurler
Estimation ofDynamic CharacteristicsofGround andStructures With
MicrotremorMeasurements -A Supportive Toolfor Strong
GroundMotion Instrumentation 303
Carlos E.Ventura,Yuming Ding
Strong Motion Instrumentation OfBuildings .313
Chris Wood,Andy Viksne, Jon Ake, David Copeland
CurrentStatus ofStrong-Motion Monitoring and NotificationAt The
United States Bureau ofReclamation 331
Nurdan Apaydin, Mustafa Erdik
StructuralVibrationMonitoring Systemfor theBosporus
Suspension Bridges .343
Vll
M. Baur,O.Novak, 1. Eibl, D.Lungu
Soil-Structure-Interaction and Seismic Isolation,an Inter-Disciplinary
Investigation at the MultidisciplinarySeismicTestSite lncerc,
Bucharest,Romania 369
MehmetCelebi
GPS In Dynamic MonitoringofLong-PeriodStructures 383
R.N. Celik
Real TimeLargeStructure Monitoring Using TheInclination Sensor .397
R.N. Celik, T.Ayan, H.Denli,T.Ozludemir, S. Erol, B.Ozoner, N.Apaydin,
M.Erincer, S.Leinen, E.Groten
MonitoringDeformation OnKarasu Viaduct Using GPS &Precise
LevelingTechniques .407
D.M. Dojcinovski, DJ.Mamucevski and v.P.Mihailov
Seismic MonitoringofNuclear PowerPlants;AnApproach ToOptimaland
MoreAccurateSeismic Data Processingand Interpretation Procedure ..: .417
W.D.L.Finn,E.Zhai, T.Thavaraj,X.-S.Hao and C.E. Ventura
Analysis ofData From Strong Motion NetworkIn FraserDelta,
British Columbia, Canada .433
S.S. Ivanovic,M.D.Trifunac and M.D.Todorovska
OnIdentification ofDamageInStructures ViaWaveTravelTimes .447
Toshihide Kashima, Izuru Okawa and Shin Koyama
EarthquakeMotion Observation In andAround8-StorySRC Building .469
V.A.Lekidis,C.Z.Karakostas, D.G.Talaslidis
Instrumentation, Measurements and NumericalAnalysisBridges:
An Example ofThe Cable-StayedBridge on Evripos Channel, Greece .481
J.Leonov
DamageDetection In Semi-RigidJoint, RC FramesSubjectedToStrong
Motion Excitation .495
D. Lungu, C.Arion, A.Aldea, S. Demetriu
AssessmentofSeismic Hazard In Romania Basedon 25YearsofStrong
GroundMotion Instrumentation 505
Chikahiro Minowa, Michio Iguchi and Masanori Iiba
Measurement ofLateralEarth Pressures on an EmbeddedFoundation
DuringEarthquakes 519
viii
ShahramPezeshk, MehmetCelebi, Greg Steiner, CharlesV. Camp,Howard Hwang
Seismic Instrumentation ofThe1-40MississippiRiverBridgein
Memphis, Tennessee 533
T.Rashidov
EngineeringandSeismometricService in theBuildings
ofTashkentandTashkentRegions 545
K.M. Rasmussen, S.R.K. Nielsen, P.H.Kirkegaard
Stress WavePropagation Due toa MovingForce:Comparison of
FEMandBEMSolutions 55I
V. Zaalishvili
StrongMotion inAbsorbingNonlinearMedium andProblems ofTheir
Registration 56I
Y.Zaslavsky, J.Leonov,A. Shapira
SeismicResponseStudyofTwo-StoreyBuildinginEilat Using Weak
andStrong Motion Data 573
V. Zaalishvili,1.Timchenko,V. Kacharava, Z.Zaalishvili
StrongMotion Instrumentation ForStructures ofCivil Engineeringand
EconomicalAspectsofPlanningofTerritoryofBig Cities 593
SubjectIndex 603
PREFACE
Theprovisionofearthquakeresistant structuresandfacilitiesisoneofthemain concerns of
Civil and Earthquake Engineering Profession. As such, the main objective of seismic
instrumentation program for civil engineering structural systems is to improve our
understanding of the behavior and potential for damage of structures under the dynamic
loads ofearthquakes. As a result of this understanding, design and construction practices
can be modified so that future earthquake damage is minimized. Therefore, there are
significantimplications in(a)hazard reduction,(b)improvementofcodes,(c)identification
ofseismic responsecharacteristics ofstructuralsystemthat maybeusedindeterminationof
strategies for improvement oftheir performances.
There are twomain approaches toevaluateseismicbehaviorand performance ofstructural
systems. One requires a laboratory in which subsystems,components, or (if the facility is
large enough) prototypes or large, scaled models of complete systems are tested under
static, quasi-static,ordynamic loading.Thisapproachdoesnotnecessarilydemand atime
dependent testing scheme, such as a shaking table or hydraulically powered and
electronically controlled loading systems; however, testing of structural systems under
controlled simulated environments is desirable. Since the early 1950's such laboratory
research hasincreasedbothinquantityandquality,withengineeringcollegesintheUnited
States and private and governmental laboratories in Japan playing a key role. Laboratory
testing has also contributed substantially to our understanding ofdynamic soil properties
and the interaction phenomenon betweenthesoiland structure.
The second approach toevaluate behavior and performance ofstructural systems isto use
the natural laboratory of the Earth, byobservingand studying damage to structures from
earthquakes.By determining why specificdesigns lack earthquake resistance and then by
using extensive laboratory testing of modified designs, significant progress in improved
designs can be achieved. The validity ofthe modelsofanalysis used in the assessment of
the earthquake behavior of structures can only be checked by way of comparison with
relevant field observations. For such design studies, a natural laboratory would be a
seismically prone area that offers a variety of structural systems. Integral to the "natural
laboratory" approach is the advance instrumentation of selected structures so that their
responses can be recorded during future earthquakes. Thus, it is essential that integrated
arrays of instrumentation be planned and installed to assess thoroughly the relation of
ground motion that starts at a source and is transmitted through various soils to a
substructure and finally to a superstructure.The direction for seismologists and engineers
working together is clear; to develop integrated networks which measure the seismic
source,thetransmittal ofground motion,andthestructural responseprocesses.
IX
x
Strongmotion instrumentationofstructures hasbeenutilized since 1940's.Throughoutthe
world, strong motion instrumentation networks have been installed on buildings,
monumental and historic structures, bridges, dams, tunnels, pipelines and power plants.
Recent strong earthquakes, Mexico City (1985), Loma Prieta (1989), Landers (1992),
Northridge(1994), and Kobe(1995) haveyieldedawealth ofstructural response data from
instrumented structures. These data have contributed tothe evolution and enhancement of
seismic analysis and design methodologies,seismicbuildingcodesand practices.In the last
decade, there have been significant advances in the development of digital seismic
monitoringsystems, data retrieval, processing, storage and dissemination capabilities.The
new strong motion recording instruments with advanced technologies allow for: High
dynamic range (24-bit with micro-g acceleration resolution); Large memory capacity (few
hours); On-board real-time processing of data and; Extensive communication options.
These developments have reducedthe initial andthemaintenancecostofthestrong motion
instrumentationand pavedthe path fortheir increased utilization.
Recent changes in instrumentation technology and the need by public officials as well as
the public for early damage assessment and disaster response haveadded a newdimension
to these efforts. The ideal venue for obtaining strong-motion response data is now being
considered in terms of real-time acquisition and processing. Monitoring the dynamic
behaviorof structures for quick damage assessment and early warning are new and active
areas of research. Although still in development stage, several developments in the
structuralhealth monitoringtechnologyisslowlytaking placewithin severalstrong-motion
programs, for research and on "as needed and feasiblebasis".Developments for real-time
(or near-real-time) serviceability assessment for important lifelines (bridges, dams and
pipelines) are also being implemented.
It should be noted that, most of the existing strong motion instrumentation on civil
engineering structures are installed and operated as federal, state, university, industry or
private applications. In many cases, there is very little or no coordination between them.
Some of them are managed as closed systems. Limited co-operation programs and data
exchange arrangements hinder difficulties and delays in acquisition ofstrong motion and
structural data, even within the same country,byengineers and researchers external to the
system. As a result of this lack of coordination and information, the strong-motion data
obtained from the instrumented structures are not fully utilized by the engineering
profession.
In the on-going globalization movement there exist a strong desire and need for co
operation in strong motion instrumentation programs and enhanced data exchange
programs. Similarly, there exist a strong needtoinform practicingengineerson the useof
existingstrong-motiondata and toimprovetheworldwideaccessibility ofdata.The NATO
ARW held and this publication isan attempt toanswer this needthrough dissemination of
the developmentson strong motion instrumentationofcivilengineeringstructures.
The editors wish to express their deep appreciation to NATO, other sponsoring
organizations and several individuals whose personal efforts made the workshop and,