Thomas Brabec Editor SPRINGER SERIES IN OPTICAL SCIENCES 134 Strong Field Laser Physics 123 SpringerSeriesin OPTICAL SCIENCES 134 FoundedbyH.K.V.Lotsch Editor-in-Chief: W.T.Rhodes,Atlanta EditorialBoard: A.Adibi,Atlanta T.Asakura,Sapporo T.W.Ha¨nsch,Garching T.Kamiya,Tokyo F.Krausz,Garching B.Monemar,Linko¨ ping H.Venghaus,Berlin H.Weber,Berlin H.Weinfurter,Munich SpringerSeries in OPTICAL SCIENCES TheSpringerSeriesinOpticalSciences,undertheleadershipofEditor-in-ChiefWilliamT.Rhodes,Georgia InstituteofTechnology,USA,providesanexpandingselectionofresearchmonographsinallmajorareas ofoptics:lasersandquantumoptics,ultrafastphenomena,opticalspectroscopytechniques,optoelectronics, quantuminformation,informationoptics,appliedlasertechnology,industrialapplications,andothertopics ofcontemporaryinterest. Withthisbroadcoverageoftopics,theseriesisofusetoallresearchscientistsandengineerswhoneed up-to-datereferencebooks. 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See also www.springer.com/series/624 Editor-in-Chief WilliamT.Rhodes GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology SchoolofElectricalandComputerEngineering Atlanta,GA30332-0250,USA E-mail:[email protected] EditorialBoard AliAdibi BoMonemar GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology DepartmentofPhysics SchoolofElectricalandComputerEngineering andMeasurementTechnology Atlanta,GA30332-0250,USA MaterialsScienceDivision E-mail:[email protected] LinkopingUniversity ToshimitsuAsakura 58183Linköping,Sweden E-mail:[email protected] Hokkai-GakuenUniversity FacultyofEngineering HerbertVenghaus 1-I,Minami-26,Nishi11,Chuo-ku FraunhoferInstitutfürNachrichtentechnik Sapporo,Hokkaido064-0926,Japan Heinrich-Hertz-Institut E-mail:[email protected] Einsteinufer37 TheodorW.Hansch 10587Berlin,Germany E-mail:[email protected] Max-Planck-InstitutfürQuantenoptik Hans-Kopfermann-StraßeI HorstWeber 85748Garching,Germany TechnischeUniversitätBerlin E-mail:[email protected] OptischesInstitut TakeshiKamiya Straßedes17.Juni135 MinistryofEducation,Culture,Sports 10623Berlin,Germany ScienceandTechnology E-mail:[email protected] NationalInstitutionforAcademicDegrees HaraldWeinfurter 3-29-1Otsuka,Bunkyo-ku Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMünchen Tokyo112-0012,Japan SektionPhysik E-mail:[email protected] Schellingstraße4/III FerencKrausz 80799München,Germany Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMünchen E-mail:[email protected] LehrstuhlfürExperimentellePhysik AmCoulombwall1 85748Garching,Germany and Max-Planck-InstitutfürQuantenoptik Hans-Kopfermann-Straße1 85748Garching,Germany E-mail:[email protected] Thomas Brabec Editor Strong Field Laser Physics 1 3 Editor ThomasBrabec DepartmentofPhysics UniversityofOttawa Ottawa,ON Canada [email protected] ISSN:0342-4111 e-ISSN:1556-1534 ISBN:978-0-387-40077-8 e-ISBN:978-0-387-34755-4 DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-34755-4 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008931586 #2008SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewritten permissionofthepublisher(SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC,233SpringStreet,NewYork, NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Usein connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden. 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Printedonacid-freepaper springer.com Contents PartI High-IntensityLaserSources High-EnergyPulseCompressionTechniques....................... 3 SandroDeSilvestri,MauroNisoli,GiuseppeSansone, SalvatoreStagira,CaterinaVozzi,andOrazioSvelto UltrafastLaserAmplifierSystems............................... 17 GillesChe´riaux OpticalParametricAmplificationTechniques...................... 35 IanN.Ross Carrier-EnvelopePhaseofUltrashortPulses....................... 61 StevenT.Cundiff,FerencKrausz,andTakaoFuji Free-ElectronLasers–High-IntensityX-RaySources ............... 91 J.FeldhausandB.Sonntag PartII Laser–MatterInteraction–Nonrelativistic NumericalMethodsinStrongFieldPhysics ....................... 111 KennethJ.Schafer PrinciplesofSingleAtomPhysics:High-OrderHarmonicGeneration, Above-ThresholdIonizationandNon-SequentialIonization ........... 147 MaciejLewensteinandAnneL’Huillier IonizationofSmallMoleculesbyStrongLaserFields................ 185 HiromichiNiikura,V.R.Bhardwaj,F.Le´gare´,I.V.Litvinyuk, P.W.Dooley,D.M.Rayner,M.YuIvanov,P.B.Corkum,and D.M.Villeneuve v vi Contents ProbingMolecularStructureandDynamicsbyLaser-DrivenElectron Recollisions ................................................ 209 J.P.Marangos,S.Baker,J.S.Robinson,R.Torres,J.W.G.Tisch, C.C.Chirila,M.Lein,R.Velotta,andC.Altucci IntenseLaserInteractionwithNobleGasClusters .................. 225 LoraRamunno,ThomasBrabec,andVladimirKrainov Laser-InducedOpticalBreakdowninSolids ....................... 243 MatthiasLenznerandWolfgangRudolph PartIII Laser-DrivenX-raySources MacroscopicEffectsinHigh-OrderHarmonicGeneration ............ 261 PascalSalie`resandIvanChristov AttosecondPulses:Generation,Detection,andApplications........... 281 ArminScrinziandHarmGeertMuller High-OrderHarmonicsfromPlasmaSurfaces ..................... 301 AlexanderTarasevitch,ClemensWu¨nsche,andDietrichvonderLinde Table-TopX-RayLasersinShortLaserPulseandDischargeDriven Plasmas................................................... 321 P.V.Nickles,K.A.Janulewicz,andW.Sandner Time-ResolvedX-RayScience:EmergenceofX-RayBeamsUsingLaser Systems ................................................... 379 AntoineRousseandKimTaPhuoc AtomicMulti-photonInteractionwithIntenseShort-WavelengthFields.. 391 F.H.M.Faisal PartIV Laser–MatterInteraction–Relativistic RelativisticLaser-PlasmaPhysics............................... 427 AlexanderPukhov High-DensityPlasmaLaserInteraction........................... 455 HeidiReinholzandThomasBornath RelativisticLaser–AtomPhysics................................ 477 AlfredMaquet,RichardTaı¨eb,andVale´rieVe´niard TestsofQEDwithIntenseLasers............................... 497 AdrianC.Melissinos Contents vii NuclearPhysicswithIntenseLasers ............................. 519 RaviSinghal,PeterNorreys,andHideakiHabara PartV IntenseFieldPhysicswithHeavyIons Ion-Generated,AttosecondPulses:InteractionwithAtomsandComparison toFemtosecondLaserFields ................................... 539 JoachimUllrichandAlexanderVoitkiv Index..................................................... 569 Contributors CarloAltucci CNISMandDipartimentodiScienzeFisiche,Universita` diNapoli‘‘FedericoII’’, Napoli,Italy,phone:(þ39081)676289,[email protected] SarahBaker BlackettLaboratory,ImperialCollege,PrinceConsortRoad,LondonSW7 2BZ,UK,phone:(þ4420)75947864,[email protected] V.R.Bhardwaj PhysicsDepartment,UniversityofOttawa,150LouisPasteur,OttawaK1N 6N5,ON,Canada,phone:(613)56258996759,[email protected] ThomasBornath PhysicsDepartment,Institutfu¨rPhysik,Universita¨tRostock,Rostock18051, Germany,phone:(þ49381)4986915,[email protected] ThomasBrabec PhysicsDepartment,UniversityofOttawa,OttawaK1N6N5,ON,Canada, phone:(613)56258006756,[email protected] GillesChe´riaux Laboratoire d’Optique Applique´e, Ecole Nationale supe´rieure de Techniques Avance´es, E´ cole Polytechnique, CNRS UMR 7639, Chemin de la Hunie`re, 91761 Palaiseau Cedex, France, phone: (þ33 1) 69319891, gilles.cheriaux@ ensta.fr CiprianC.Chirila Institute of Physics, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel 34132, Germany, phone: (þ49 561) 8044574, chirila@physik. uni-kassel.de IvanChristov PhysicsDepartment,SofiaUniversity,5JamesBourchierStreet,1164Sofia, Bulgaria,phone:(þ3592)8161741,[email protected] ix x Contributors PaulB.Corkum SteacieInstituteforMolecularSciences,NationalResearchCouncil, 100SussexDrive,OttawaK1A0R6,ON,Canada,phone:(613)9937390, [email protected],[email protected] StevenT.Cundiff JILA,NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnologyandUniversityof Colorado,Boulder80309-0440,CO,USA,phone:(303)4927858,cundiffs@ jila.colorado.edu SandroDeSilvestri DepartmentofPhysics,NationalLaboratoryforUltrafastandUltraintense OpticalScience–CNR–INFM,Politecnico,Milano,Italy,phone:(þ3902) 2399x6151,[email protected] ClemensDietrich UniversityofDuisburg-Essen,InstituteofExperimentalPhysics,Lotharstr.1, 47048,Duisburg,Germany PatrickW.Dooley DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy,McMasterUniversity,Hamilton, L8S4M1,ON,Canada,[email protected] FarhadM.H.Faisal Fakulta¨tfu¨rPhysik,Universita¨tBielefeld,D-33615Bielefeld,Germany, phone:(þ49521)1065320,[email protected] JosefFeldhaus HamburgerSynchrotronstahlungslaborHASYLAB,DeutschesElektronen- SynchrotronDESY,Notkestrasse85,22603Hamburg,Germany, phone:(þ4940)89983901,[email protected] TakaoFuji RIKEN,Chemicaldynamicslaboratory,Hirosawa2-1,Wako,Saitama351 0198Japan,phone:(þ8148)4671434,[email protected] HideakiHabara CentralLaserFacility,RutherfordAppletonLaboratory,Chilton,Didcot, Oxfordshire,OX110QX,UK MishaYu.Ivanov SteacieInstituteforMolecularSciences,NationalResearchCouncil, 100SussexDrive,OttawaK1A0R6,ON,Canada,phone:(613)9939973, [email protected] KarolA.Janulewicz Max-Born-InstituteBerlin,Berlin,Germany,phone:(þ4930)63921311, [email protected]