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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312579052 Stress: Neuroendocrinology and Neurobiology Book · January 2017 CITATIONS READS 6 3,329 1 author: George Fink University of Melbourne 352 PUBLICATIONS 12,647 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Psychopharmacology View project Stress View project All content following this page was uploaded by George Fink on 20 January 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. STRESS: NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY AND NEUROBIOLOGY ELSEVIER science & technology books Companion Web Site: http://booksite.elsevier.com/9780128021750 Stress: Neuroendocrinology and Neurobiology George Fink, Editor T O O L S ALL TEACHING NEEDS FOR YOUR textbooks.elsevier.com ACADEMIC PRESS To adopt this book for course use, visit http://textbooks.elsevier.com. STRESS: NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY AND NEUROBIOLOGY Handbook of Stress, Volume 2 Edited by GeorGe Fink Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, United States 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 28: Lipids and Lipoproteins by C. M. Stoney. 2017 Published by Elsevier Inc. 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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-12-802175-0 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/ Publisher: Mara Conner Acquisition Editor: Natalie Farra Editorial Project Manager: Kathy Padilla Production Project Manager: Edward Taylor Designer: Inês Maria Cruz Typeset by TNQ Books and Journals Contents List of Contributors xi 3. Adrenergic Neurons in the CNS Preface xiii C.P. SEVIGNY, C. MENUET, A.Y. FONG, J.K. BASSI, A.A. CONNELLY AND A.M. ALLEN I Localization 30 Projections 30 NEUROENDOCRINE CONTROL Neurochemistry 34 OF THE STRESS RESPONSE Functions 34 Activating Stimuli 35 Conclusion 35 1. Stress Neuroendocrinology: Highlights and References 36 Controversies G. FINK 4. Noradrenergic Control of Arousal and Stress Introduction 4 C.W. BERRIDGE AND R.C. SPENCER Neuroendocrine and Autonomic Nervous Control of Stress Arousal-Promoting Actions of Central Norepinephrine 40 Response 4 Broad Contributions of NE to Behavioral Responding Thrifty Phenotype Hypothesis: Variance Between in Stress 43 Studies and Broadened to Include Maternal Clinical Implications 46 Obesity and Diabetes 5 Summary 46 Genetic Susceptibility to Stress: Gene × Environment Acknowledgments 46 Interaction 5 References 47 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Autonomic Nervous System Apparently Dominant 6 Human Hippocampus and Major Depressive Disorder: Does 5. Evolution and Phylogeny of the Corticotropin- Hippocampal Size Matter? 8 Releasing Factor Family of Peptides Gastroduodenal (Peptic) Ulcers: Stress–Helicobacter pylori D.A. LOVEJOY AND O.M. MICHALEC Interactions 10 General Conclusions and Observations 11 Introduction 49 Acknowledgments 12 Evolution of the CRF Family in Chordates and Role References 12 With the HPA Axis 50 Prechordate Evolution of the CRF Family 53 Acknowledgments 54 2. Limbic Forebrain Modulation of Neuroendocrine References 54 Responses to Emotional Stress J.J. RADLEY, S.B. JOHNSON AND P.E. SAWCHENKO 6. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and Urocortin Introduction 17 Receptors Kinds of Stress and Their Underpinnings 18 D.E. GRIGORIADIS Limbic Modulation of the HPA Axis 19 Excitatory Modulation: Amygdala 20 Introduction 57 Inhibitory Modulation: Hippocampal Formation and Medial Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and Urocortin Prefrontal Cortex 20 Receptor Family 58 Mechanisms of HPA Modulation Following Repeated Stress Pharmacology of CRF and CRF Receptors 60 1 2 Exposure 21 Small Molecule Nonpeptide CRF Receptor Antagonists 62 1 Future Perspective 23 Clinical Experience and Relevance 62 Acknowledgments 24 Summary and Conclusions 63 References 24 References 64 v vi CONTENTS 7. Tracking the Coupling of External Signals 9. Vasopressin as a Stress Hormone to Intracellular Programs Controlling Peptide F.A. ANTONI Synthesis and Release in Hypothalamic Introduction 97 Neuroendocrine Neurons Vasopressin and Its Distribution in the Brain A.M. KHAN, E.M. WALKER AND A.G. WATTS and the Pituitary Gland 98 Introduction 67 Molecular and Cellular Physiology of Vasopressin The PVH and CRH Neuroendocrine Neurons 68 With Special Reference to Anterior Pituitary Hindbrain Catecholamine Inputs to the CRH Corticotrope Cells 100 Neuroendocrine System 68 Functions of Vasopressin 103 In Vivo Interrogation of Catecholamine-CRH Summary 105 Neuron Coupling 69 References 105 MAP Kinase as a Rapidly Activated Intracellular Effector in CRH Neuroendocrine Neurons 10. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone In Vivo 72 M.E. RHODES Catecholamines Are Sufficient to Recapitulate Effects of Glycemic Challenges on CRH Neurons 72 Introduction 109 Catecholaminergic Projections From Hindbrain Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and Proopiomelanocortin 110 Are Necessary for CRH Responses to Glycemic Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Production and Release Challenges 73 From Pituitary Corticotropes 111 A Model for CRH Neuroendocrine Neuron Signal-Effector Control of Secretion 112 Coupling 75 Negative Feedback Mechanisms 113 Extending the Study to a Larger Network: Focus on the Clinical Perspectives 114 Arcuate Hypothalamic Nucleus 75 Other Effects of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone 114 Future Directions 78 Therapeutic Uses 115 Acknowledgments 78 Conclusion 115 References 79 Acknowledgment 115 References 115 8. Neural Circuitry of Stress, Fear, and 11. The Role of MicroRNAs in Stress-Induced Anxiety: Focus on Extended Amygdala Psychopathologies Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Systems O. ISSLER AND A. CHEN E.D. PAUL AND A. CHEN Introduction 117 Introduction: Corticotropin-Releasing Factor 84 MicroRNAs 118 Organization of the EA CRF System 84 The Role of miRNAs in Fear Conditioning 120 Extending the Amygdala: CRF Systems and the Neural Transgenerational Effects of Stress Mediated by Sperm Circuitry of Stress, Fear, and Anxiety 85 miRNAs 122 Reciprocal Connections Between EA CRF and Serotonergic Circulating miRNAs as Biomarkers for Stress-Related Systems Modulate Anxiety 86 Psychopathologies 122 EA CRF Projections to the Locus Coeruleus Facilitate Open Questions and Future Directions 123 Stress-Induced Arousal and Anxiety States 87 Concluding Remarks 123 EA CRF System at the Interface of Stress and References 124 Motivation/Reward 88 EA CRF Neurons Receives Peptidergic Input From the Parabrachial Nucleus 89 12. Stress Reactions Orchestrate Parasympathetic CRF Interaction With the Brain Renin-Angiotensin Functioning and Inflammation Under Diverse System 90 Cholinergic Manipulations EA CRF Neurons and Central Autonomic N. MISHRA AND H. SOREQ Control 91 EA CRF Neurons Modulate Introduction 127 Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis Activity 91 Body to Brain Signaling of Stress and Inflammation 128 Conclusions and Future Directions 93 MicroRNAs-Driven Cholinergic Modulation of References 93 Inflammation 129 CONTENTS vii New Technologies: RNA-Sequence Profiling and Chemically Acknowledgments 169 Protected Antisense Oligonucleotides 130 References 169 Summary and Future Prospects 132 Acknowledgments 132 17. Stress and Major Depression: Neuroendocrine References 132 and Biopsychosocial Mechanisms A. ROY AND R.N. ROY 13. Early Life Stress- and Sex-Dependent Effects Introduction 173 on Hippocampal Neurogenesis Neuroendocrine Mechanisms of Normal Stress Response 175 P.J. LUCASSEN, A. KOROSI, H.J. KRUGERS AND C.A. OOMEN Neuroendocrine Abnormalities in Chronic Stress and Depression 179 Stress, Time Domains, and Mediators of the Stress Response 135 Mechanisms of Antidepressant Action 180 Adult Neurogenesis 136 Psychosocial Stress and Depression: A Biopsychosocial Stress and Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis 137 Perspective 180 Long-Lasting Effects of Early, Perinatal Stress Exposure; Sex Conclusion 181 Differences 138 References 182 Concluding Remarks 140 Acknowledgments 140 References 140 18. Telomeres and Early Life Stress K.K. RIDOUT, S.J. RIDOUT, K. GOONAN, A.R. TYRKA AND L.H. PRICE 14. Stress, Alcohol and Epigenetic Transmission Introduction 185 D.K. SARKAR An Introduction to Telomere Biology 186 The Stress Response System 147 Factors Impacting Telomere Length 186 Alcohol (Ethanol) and the Stress Response 148 Telomeres in Human Health and Disease 187 Alcohol, Epigenetic and Stress Response 150 Early Life Stress and Telomeres 187 Transgenerational Effect of Alcohol Epigenetic Marks 151 Potential Mechanisms Underlying the Association Conclusion 151 Between Early Life Stress and Telomere Length 188 References 151 Methodological Issues in Studies of Telomeres and Early Life Stress 189 Effects of Telomeres on Cellular Biology 190 15. Stress, Panic, and Central Serotonergic Inhibition Future Directions 190 J.E. HASSELL JR., P.S.M. YAMASHITA, P.L. JOHNSON, H. ZANGROSSI JR., References 190 A. SHEKHAR AND C.A. LOWRY Introduction 153 Neurobiology of Panic Disorder and Panic Attacks 154 II Anatomical and Functional Heterogeneity of Serotonergic ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS AND Systems 157 Dorsal Raphe Nucleus (DR) Innervation of MECHANISMS IN STRESS CONTROL Escape- or Panic-Related Structures 159 Conclusion 161 19. Stress, Glucocorticoids, and Brain Development References 161 in Rodent Models C.M. MCCORMICK AND T.E. HODGES 16. Neuroendocrinology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Focus on the HPA Axis Introduction 197 Stressors, Glucocorticoids, and the M.E. BOWERS AND R. YEHUDA Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis 198 Introduction: Adapative and Maladaptive Responses Fetal Period 200 of the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis 165 Neonatal Period 202 Negative Feedback/Glucocorticoid Receptor 167 Adolescence 203 Perturbations of the HPA Axis as a Vulnerability Conclusions and New Directions 205 Factor in the Development of PTSD 168 Acknowledgments 205 Conclusions and Future Directions 169 References 205 viii CONTENTS 20. Aging and Adrenocortical Factors 24. Stress, Angiotensin, and Cognate Receptors J.C. PRUESSNER G. AGUILERA Introduction 207 Introduction 243 The Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis 209 Components of the Classical RAS 244 The Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis and Nonclassical Angiotensin Peptides 247 Normal Aging 210 Receptors for Angiotensin Peptides 247 Theories Relating to Age-Related Change 212 Neuroendocrine Actions of Angiotensin 250 Summary and Conclusion 217 Conclusions and Perspectives 253 References 218 Acknowledgments 254 References 254 21. Aldosterone and Mineralocorticoid Receptors 25. Annexin A1 J.W. FUNDER J.C. BUCKINGHAM AND R.J. FLOWER Background 221 Introduction 257 Aldosterone Secretion: Adrenal and Extraadrenal 222 Structure of ANX-A1 257 Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion 222 The ANX-A1 Gene 258 Mineralocorticoid Receptors: Cloning 222 Distribution of ANX-A1 258 Mineralocorticoid Receptors: Characterization 222 Regulation of the Expression and Cellular Disposition Aldosterone Specificity-Conferring Mechanisms: of ANX-A1 259 Transcortin, 11βHSD2 223 The ANX-A1 Receptor 259 Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess 223 Functions of ANX-A1 260 Extraepithelial Actions of Aldosterone 223 ANX-A1–Derived Peptides 261 Aldosterone, Cardiac Hypertrophy, and Cardiac Summary 262 Fibrosis 223 References 262 Aldosterone: A Stress Hormone? 224 MR Activation and Stress 224 26. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor Primary Aldosteronism 224 Antagonists Glossary 225 Acknowledgment 225 E.P. ZORRILLA References 225 Pharmacology of CRF/Urocortin Receptor Systems 265 22. Androgen Action and Stress Nonneuroendocrine Distribution of CRF Receptors 266 1 Selected CRF Receptor Antagonists 266 M.A. HOLSCHBACH AND R.J. HANDA Therapeutic Potential of CRF Antagonists 270 1 Androgens Major Forms of Androgens 227 Glossary 273 The Androgen Receptor 230 Acknowledgments 274 Physiological Actions of Androgens 232 References 274 Androgen-Associated Pathology 232 Further Reading 277 Interactions Between Stress and Androgens 233 Summary 234 27. Antidepressant Actions on Glucocorticoid References 234 Receptors N. NIKKHESLAT, P.A. ZUNSZAIN, L.A. CARVALHO, C. ANACKER 23. Angiotensin—Encyclopedia of Stress AND C.M. PARIANTE L.A. CAMPOS, M. BADER AND O.C. BALTATU Introduction 279 Components of the Renin–Angiotensin System 237 HPA Axis and Glucocorticoid Receptors in Alternative Enzymes 238 Depression 280 Endocrine Renin–Angiotensin System 238 Antidepressants Effects on Glucocorticoid Local Renin–Angiotensin Systems 239 Receptors 281 Renin–Angiotensin System and Stress 239 Conclusions 284 References 241 References 284