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Stress and emotion : a new synthesis PDF

357 Pages·1999·18.28 MB·English
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Stress and Emotion A New Synthesis */ Richard S. Lazarus, PhD, obtained his BA in 1942 from the City College of New York. After military service in World War II, he returned to graduate school in 1946, obtained his doctorate at Pittsburgh in 1948, taught at Johns Hopkins and Clark Universities, then came to Berkeley in 1957, where he has remained. Lazarus's research career at Johns Hopkins and Clark centered on New Look experiments on motivated individual differences in percep- tion. Among other research topics such as perceptual defense and studies of projective methods, he did research on autonomic discrimi- nation without awareness (which he and McCleary called "subception"). At Berkeley after forming the Berkeley Stress and Coping Project, he mounted efforts to generate a comprehensive theoretical framework for psychological stress and undertook much programmatic research based on these formulations, pioneering the use of motion picture films to generate stress reactions naturalistically in the laboratory. Later he shifted to field research and a systems theoretical point of view. His theoretical and research efforts contributed substantially to what has been called the "cognitive revolution" in psychology. Lazarus has published over 200 scientific articles and 20 books, both monographs and textbooks in personality and clinical psychology. In 1966, Psychological Stress and the Coping Process, which is now consid- ered a classic, appeared. In 1984, with Susan Folkman, he published Stress, Appraisal, and Coping, which continues to have world wide influ- ence. In 1991, he published Emotion and Adaptation, which presents a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of the emotions. Lazarus became a Guggenheim Fellow in 1969, and has received two Doctors Honoris Causa, one from the Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz, Germany in 1988, and one from Haifa University in Israel in 1995. In 1989 he was awarded the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award by the American Psychological Association, and the APA Division 38's award for Outstanding Contributions to Health Psychology. He also received an award from the California State Psychological Association for Distinguished Scientific Achievement in Psychology in 1984. As of 1991, he became Professor Emeritus at Berkeley, in which status he has continued to write and publish research on stress, cop- ing, and the emotions. Stress and Emotion A New Synthesis Richard S. Lazarus, PhD SPRINGER PUBLISHING COMPANY PAPERBACK Copyright © 1999 by Springer Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Springer Publishing Company, Inc. Springer Publishing Company, Inc. 11 West 42nd Street New York, NY 10036 Cover design by Mimi Flow Acquisitions Editor: Bill Tucker Production Editor: Helen Song 06 07 08 09 / 5 4 3 2 1 New ISBN 0-8261-0261-1 (pbk.) © 2006 by Springer Publishing Company, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lazarus, Richard S. Stress and emotion : a new synthesis / by Richard S. Lazarus. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8261-1250-1 (hardcover) 1. Stress (Psychology). 2. Emotions. I. Title. BF575.S75L315 1999 155.9'042—dc21 98-45782 CIP Printed in the United States of America by Bang Printing. This book is for curious students and professionals everywhere, but especially for my wife of 54 years, Bernice, whom I love; my beloved son and daughter, David and Nancy, and their impressive families. May they have just the right amount of stress in their lives and ample joy. This page intentionally left blank Contents Figures and Tables ix Foreword by Susan Folkman xi Preface xiii Part I Philosophical Issues 1 Epistemology and Metatheory 3 Part II Levels of Scientific Analysis 2 Stress and Emotion 27 3 Psychological Stress and Appraisal 49 4 Emotions and Appraisal 86 5 Coping 101 Part III Research Applications 6 Stress and Trauma 129 7 Stress, Emotion, and Coping in Special Groups 165 Part IV Narrative Viewpoint 8 Emotion Narratives: A Radical New Research Approach 193 9 Narrative Vignettes for Each of 15 Emotions 216 Part V Clinical Issues 10 Health, Clinical Intervention, and the Future 259 References 287 Subject Index 329 Name Index 333 vii This page intentionally left blank Figures and Tables Figure 2.1 Principal Pathways Mediating the Response to a Stressor 45 Table 3.1 Social Readjustment Rating Scale 50 Figure 3. 1 Individual Differences in Performance Under Stress 56 Figure 3.2 Seesaw Analogy 59 Table 4.1 Types of Ego Involvement 93 Table 4.2 Core Relational Themes for Each Emotion 96 Table 5.1 Factors and Sample Items from the Ways of Coping Questionnaire 115 Table 6.1 Definitions of Classes of Coping 150 Table 6.2 Types of Appraisals of Coping Efficacy 152 Table 6.3 Diagnostic Criteria for (309.81) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 158 Table 6.4 Crisis Intervention: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention 164 Figure 7.1 A Framework for Acculturation Research 188 Figure 8. la • A Theoretical Schematization of Stress, Coping, and Adaptation 197 Figure 8. Ib A Revised Model of Stress and Coping 198 Figure 8.2 A Transactional Model: Ipsative-Normative Arrangement 199 Figure 8.3 Three Levels of Analysis 200 Table 10.1 The Deadly Past 261 ix

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