Stress and Cardiovascular Disease PDF
Preview Stress and Cardiovascular Disease
Stress and Cardiovascular Disease Paul Hjemdahl • Annika Rosengren Andrew Steptoe Editors Stress and Cardiovascular Disease Editors Paul Hjemdahl, M.D., Ph.D. Andrew Steptoe, D.Sc. Department of Medicine Department of Epidemiology Solna; Clinical Pharmacology Unit and Public Health Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University College London University Hospital/Solna, Stockholm London Sweden UK Annika Rosengren, M.D., Ph.D. Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Ostra, Gothenburg Sweden ISBN 978-1-84882-418-8 e-ISBN 978-1-84882-419-5 DOI 10.1007/978-1-84882-419-5 Springer London Dordrecht Heidelberg New York British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2011937320 © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2012 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Stress is a multifaceted issue which is of considerable interest to physicians and other health care professionals, as well as to their patients and to people in general. The term “stress” is frequently used in different contexts by both professionals and lay people, and means different things to different people. There are many accounts, starting centuries ago, of how acutely stressful situations may precipitate cardiovas- cular events, especially myocardial infarction and sudden death, and stress is then seen as the culprit by both laymen and professionals. Chronic stress is increasingly being acknowledged as an etiological factor in the development of ischaemic heart disease and other atherosclerotic manifestations, as well as in the development of hypertension and metabolic disturbances which fuel the atherosclerotic process. Research into mechanisms involved in stress-related cardiovascular disease and investigations concerning the role of acute and chronic stress in the causation of cardiovascular disease, and how to manage stress-related problems have attracted much attention. Thus the importance of “stress” for cardiovascular disease is of considerable interest to both researchers and health care professionals with different areas of expertise. A simple Medline search in 2011 using the term “stress and cardiovascular dis- ease” yields more than 50,000 “hits” with more than 10,000 of them being over- views. Limiting the search to “mental stress and cardiovascular disease” yields 8,500 articles of which more than 1,400 are overviews. Thus there is a wealth of knowledge concerning stress and cardiovascular disease, much of it being valuable information based on high-quality studies. Unfortunately, as in all fi elds of research, there are also lower-quality studies which may confound interpretation. As editors who collectively have experience from experimental and epidemiological research, as well as in therapeutics, we felt it was timely to summarize the fi eld of research on stress and cardiovascular disease. In doing so, a number of experts on different aspects of stress were invited to contribute, and thereby to focus on what is actually evidence-based in the fi eld. The book provides up to date information about mechanistic factors, clinical and epidemiological aspects and management issues. The mechanistic part starts out with animal research documenting the capability of inducing coronary heart disease v vi Preface in social stress models, and continues with neuro-hormonal factors, haemostasis and infl ammation, as well as recent developments using brain imaging techniques. The clinical and epidemiological section starts out with chapters on the triggering of acute cardiac events and stress cardiomyopathy, and continues with various issues related to chronic stress. Stress at the workplace is dealt with from both epidemio- logical and practical perspectives. The much discussed, but somewhat elusive, rela- tionship between depression and coronary heart disease is the subject of a thoughtful and critical review. The evolving role of posttraumatic stress and the importance of sleep and recuperation in the context of coronary heart disease are highlighted, as are the contributions of chronic stress to the development of hypertension, and met- abolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. The value of incorporating increased physical activity into stress management programs and individual patient care is addressed in several chapters. The evidence base for psychological treatment of cardiac patients is critically, yet optimistically, addressed in a comprehensive overview and several other chapters. Finally, useful hands-on suggestions on how to deal with stress- related problems in the doctor’s offi ce and increase adherence to lifestyle advice are given. The initiative for this book was taken by Grant Weston at Springer, and we are deeply indebted to him and the development editor Michael Griffi n for their support and patience on the sometimes bumpy road towards completion. Most of all, we are very grateful for the high-quality work from all the experienced authors who con- tributed their knowledge and wisdom in different chapters. It is our hope that this book will contribute to the recognition of “stress” as an important and modifi able risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and that stress and psychosocial factors will be dealt with more seriously than is often the case today in the care of patients who already suffer from such disease. Although research in the area has provided a wealth of knowledge, we also hope that the book will stimulate interest in further studies of stress and cardiovascular disease. There is still much to be uncovered and/or more fi rmly established concerning the mechanisms involved and how to best manage stress-related problems in the community as well as among patients suffering from cardiovascular disease! Paul Hjemdahl Annika Rosengren Andrew Steptoe Contents 1 Introduction to Cardiovascular Disease, Stress and Adaptation ......................................................................................... 1 Andrew Steptoe, Annika Rosengren, and Paul Hjemdahl Part I Mechanisms 2 Social Stress and Cardiovascular Disease in Primates ......................... 17 Carol A. Shively 3 Cardiovascular and Autonomic Responses to Stress ............................ 31 Paul Hjemdahl and Murray Esler 4 Sympathetic Neural and Adrenal Medullary Mechanisms in Depression and Panic Disorder .................................... 55 Murray Esler 5 Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis and Cardiovascular Disease .................................................................... 71 Gregory Kaltsas, Anthony S. Zannas, and George P. Chrousos 6 Haemostatic Effects of Stress .................................................................. 89 Paul Hjemdahl and Roland von Känel 7 Stress, Infl ammation, and Coronary Heart Disease .............................. 111 Andrew Steptoe 8 Brain Imaging of Stress and Cardiovascular Responses ...................... 129 Marcus Gray, Yoko Nagai, and Hugo D. Critchley vii viii Contents Part II Acute Stress and Triggering 9 Psychological Triggers for Plaque Rupture ......................................... 151 Geoffrey H. Tofl er, Alexandra O´Farrell, and Thomas Buckley 10 Stress Cardiomyopathy ......................................................................... 169 Ilan S. Wittstein Part III Chronic Stress 11 Psychosocial Factors at Work: The Epidemiological Perspective .......................................................... 195 Mika Kivimäki, Archana Singh-Manoux, G. David Batty, Marianna Virtanen, Jane E. Ferrie, and Jussi Vahtera 12 Depression and Cardiovascular Disease Progression: Epidemiology, Mechanisms and Treatment ......................................... 211 Petra Hoen, Nina Kupper, and Peter de Jonge 13 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Emerging Risk Factor and Mechanisms .............................................. 235 Roland von Känel and Marie-Louise Gander Ferrari 14 Sleep, Stress, and Heart Disease ........................................................... 257 Torbjörn Åkerstedt and Aleksander Perski 15 The Causal Role of Chronic Mental Stress in the Pathogenesis of Essential Hypertension .................................... 273 Murray Esler 16 Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes ....................................................... 285 Annika Rosengren Part IV Treatment 17 Stress Management and Behavior: From Cardiac Patient to Worksite Intervention ................................. 299 Daniela Lucini and Massimo Pagani 18 Exercise to Reduce Distress and Improve Cardiac Function: Moving on and Finding the Pace .......................... 317 Hugo Saner and Gunilla Burell Part V Psychological Management 19 The Psychological Treatment of Cardiac Patients .............................. 335 Alena Talbot Ellis and Wolfgang Linden Contents ix 20 Integrating the Management of Psychosocial and Behavior Risk Factors into Clinical Medical Practice ................ 355 Alan Rozanski Part VI Conclusions 21 Concluding Remarks ............................................................................. 377 Paul Hjemdahl, Annika Rosengren, and Andrew Steptoe Index ................................................................................................................ 383
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