Stress and Animal Welfare: Key Issues in the Biology of Humans and Other Animals PDF
Preview Stress and Animal Welfare: Key Issues in the Biology of Humans and Other Animals
Animal Welfare Donald M. Broom Ken G. Johnson Stress and Animal Welfare Key Issues in the Biology of Humans and Other Animals Second Edition Animal Welfare SeriesEditor ClivePhillips SchoolofVeterinaryScience UniversityofQueensland Gatton,QLD Australia AdvisoryEditors MariekeCassiaGartner Atlanta,GA,USA KarenF.Mancera MexicoCity,Mexico Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/5675 (cid:129) Donald M. Broom Ken G. Johnson Stress and Animal Welfare Key Issues in the Biology of Humans and Other Animals Second Edition DonaldM.Broom KenG.Johnson DepartmentofVeterinaryMedicine SchoolofVeterinaryStudies andStCatharine’sCollege MurdochUniversity UniversityofCambridge Perth,WA,Australia Cambridge,UK ISSN1572-7408 AnimalWelfare ISBN978-3-030-32152-9 ISBN978-3-030-32153-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32153-6 OriginallypublishedbyKluwerAcademicPublishers,Dordrecht,1993 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG1993,2019 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Animal Welfare Series Preface Animal welfare is attracting increasing interest worldwide, and the knowledge and resources are available to, at least potentially, provide better management systems for farm animals, as well as companion, zoo, laboratory and performance animals. Thekeyrequirementsforadequatefood,water,asuitableenvironment,companion- shipandhealthareimportantforanimalskeptforallofthesepurposes. The increased attention given to animal welfare in recent years derives largely fromthefactthattherelentlesspursuitoffinancialrewardandefficiency,tosatisfy market demands, has led to the development of intensive animal management systems that challenge the conscience of many consumers, particularly in the farm andlaboratoryanimalsectors.Livestockaretheworld’sbiggestlandusers,andthe farmed animal population is increasing rapidly to meet the needs of an expanding human population. This results in a tendency to allocate fewer resources to each animal and to value individual animals less, for example in the case of farmed poultry where flocks of over twenty thousand birds are not uncommon. In these circumstances,theimportanceofeachindividual’swelfareisdiminished. Increasedattentiontowelfareissuesisjustasevidentforzoo,companion,sport and wild animals. Of growing importance is the ethical management of breeding programmes, since genetic manipulation is now technically advanced, but there is lesspublictoleranceofthebreedingofextremeanimalsifitcomesattheexpenseof animalwelfare.Thequestforproducingnovelgenotypeshasfascinatedbreedersfor centuries. Dog and cat breeders have produced a variety of deformities that have adverseeffectsontheirwelfare,butnowadaysthebreedersarejustasactiveinthe laboratory, where the mouse is genetically manipulated with equally profound effects. In developing countries, human survival is still a daily uncertainty, so that provision for animal welfare has to be balanced against human welfare. Animal welfare is usually a priority only if it supportsthe output ofthe animal,be it food, work,clothing,sportorcompanionship.However,inmanysituationsthewelfareof animalsissynonymouswiththewelfareofthehumanswholookafterthem,because happy, healthy animals will be able to assist humans best in their struggle for v vi AnimalWelfareSeriesPreface survival.Inprinciple,thewelfareneedsofbothhumansandanimalscanbeprovided for, in both developing and developed countries, if resources are properly husbanded.Inreality,theinequitabledivisionoftheworld’srichescreatesphysical andpsychologicalpovertyforhumansandanimalsalikeinmanypartsoftheworld. Theintimateconnectionbetweenanimalsandhumansthatwasoncesoessential for good animal welfare is rare nowadays, having been superseded by technologi- cally efficient production systems where animals on farms and in laboratories are tendedbyincreasinglyfewhumansinthedrivetoenhance labourefficiency.With today’s busy lifestyles, companion animals too may suffer from reduced contact with humans, although their value in providing companionship, particularly for certaingroupssuchastheelderly,isbeginningtoberecognised.Animalconsumers alsorarelyhaveanycontactwiththeanimalsthatarekeptfortheirbenefit. Inthisestranged,efficientworld,peoplestruggletofindthemoralimperativesto determinethelevelofwelfarethattheyshouldaffordtoanimalswithintheircharge. Afewpeople,andinparticularmanycompanionanimalowners,striveforwhatthey believe to be the highest levels of welfare provision, while others, deliberately or through ignorance, keep animals in impoverished conditions in which their health andwell-beingcanbeextremelypoor.Today’smultiplemoralcodesforanimalcare and use are derived from a broad range of cultural influences, including media reports of animal abuse, guidelines on ethical consumption and campaigning and lobbyinggroups. This series has been designed to contribute towards a culture of respect for animals and their welfare by producing learned treatises about the provision for the welfare of the animal species that are managed and cared for by humans. The early species-focused books were not detailed management blueprints; rather they described and considered the major welfare concerns, often with reference to the behaviourofthewildprogenitorsofthemanagedanimals.Welfarewasspecifically focusedonanimals’needs,concentratingonnutrition,behaviour,reproductionand thephysicalandsocialenvironment.Economiceffectsofanimalwelfareprovision were also considered where relevant, as were key areas where further research is required. Inthisvolumetheseriesagaindepartsfromthesinglevertebratespeciesmodelto address the connections between animal welfare and stress. Donald Broom, the architect of so much of what we now consider to be animal welfare science, has comprehensively revised his earlier edition of Stress and Animal Welfare that was first published with Ken Johnson in 1993. The book refers extensively to human stressandwelfare,notjusttonon-humans.Thefoundationsofthistopicarelaidwith carefully constructed definitions of the main terminology, which is fundamental to thesubsequentdetailedconsiderationofhowstressinhumansandotheranimalsis connected to their welfare. Furthermore, Donald Broom discusses animal welfare issues in the context of other topical concerns, about the environment, as part of socialchange,andinthelightofdiminishingantimicrobialefficacy.Throughout,he useshisconsiderableexperienceinanimalwelfaresciencetointroducenewmaterial about sentience, brain function and stress measures. How individuals adapt to situations and respond to pain and other stress-inducing concerns in both the short AnimalWelfareSeriesPreface vii and long term is all covered in depth in this book. The end result is a fascinating unionoftwotopics—stressandanimalwelfare—thatarefundamentaltounderstand ifwewanttomakedecisionsabouthowweshouldmanageourlivesandlookafter other animals. A key to this decision-making process to measure responses accu- rately, this book describes the rapidly changing situation in relation to monitoring animals’welfare,neverforgettingthatitisanindividualanimalthatisattheheartof the process, not a group of several thousand farm animals. It is over a quarter of a century since the first editionof this book was published, but Ibelieve this edition will be providing uswithvaluablediscussion onstressand welfare in humans and otheranimalsforaverylongtimeindeed. SchoolofVeterinaryScience ClivePhillips UniversityofQueensland Gatton,QLD Australia Preface to Second Edition Thisbookisaboutthescienceunderlyingstressandwelfareinhumansandinother animals.Theprogressinthisareaofsciencesincethefirsteditionofthisbookhas been remarkable. We now have a much better understanding about the role of different brain and body mechanisms in coping with our everyday environment. Psychiatryandideasabouthumanwelfarearemorecloselylinkedtogeneralhuman medicineandanimalwelfaremorecloselylinkedtoveterinarymedicine.Thelinks between stress research and welfare research have become ever stronger and the dramaticresultsofepigeneticandotherresearchhavechangedourideasabouthow lifeiscontrolled. Theideathatmanycharacteristicsofhumansandotheranimalsaresolelygenetic waserodedbythe1990s,butrecentresearchshowsittobefalse.Everycharacter- istic of every animal is affected by both genes and environment. As explained in Chap. 1, it now seems that no stage of gene expression is unaffected by environ- mentalfactors.Nobehavioural,physiologicaloranatomicalcharacterisgenetically determined, instinctive or innate, where these terms mean independent of environ- mental effects. Of course, some characteristics are more likely to be modified by environmental factors than others, but no person can say that their anti-social behaviour,orotherunwantedquality,issolelycausedbytheirgenes. Thewelfareofparentsduringspermandeggdevelopmentisnowknowntohave wide-ranging effects on their own functioning and to affect the functioning of the offspring. Stressed parents have less viable offspring and some effects continue in thesubsequentgenerations.Themechanismsoftheeffectsofstressfulenvironments are much better known now, as are the links between welfare, immune system function and likelihood of disease. The ideas of one health and one welfare, emphasising that each term means exactly the same for humans and non-humans andthathealthisanimportantpartofwelfare,arenowwidelyaccepted. Animalwelfaresciencehasdevelopedatarapidratewithatleastfiftytimesmore publicationsonthesubjectnowthan30yearsago.Thenewscientificdisciplinewas developed and made applicable to everyday life by establishing key concepts and ix x PrefacetoSecondEdition developingmethodsforevaluatingwelfareinascientificway.Therehavealsobeen parallelandoverlappingdevelopmentsinhumanstressandwelfarestudies.Theuse of the term stress has been refined and methodologies in human and veterinary medicinefurtherdeveloped.Theconceptsprovidethebasisfromwhichdeductions canbemade,andstructurestowhichemergingideascanbeattached.Theupsurgeof publicinterestinthewelfareofanimalsandthedemandforpreciseinformationso thatproperactioncanbetakenhasoccurredinallcountriesoftheworld.Psychiatry and other treatment of people with stress and depression have gradually become moremainstreamsubjectsinhumanmedicine.Teachingandaneedforknowledge about stress and welfare are now widespread in human medicine, psychology, animal biology, veterinary medicine and animal production. There are also close linkswithethicsandotherareasofphilosophy,aswellaswithrelevantareasoflaw andsocialscience. Associatedwiththeidenticaluseinhumansandotherspeciesofconceptssuchas health, welfare, stress and pain, function in non-human species has been demon- strated to be closer to that in humans than was once thought. In recent years, evidence for the similarities between humans and many non-human species in cognitiveabilityandcapacityforhavingemotionsandfeelingshasbecomestronger. Theverysmallgeneticdifferencesbetweenhumansandotherspeciesalsoreinforce theideathathumansarenotuniqueorspecialandthatanunderstandingoffunction inonespeciesisoftenhelpfulinothers.Studiesofanimalwelfarescienceandstress impactsinnon-humanscan greatly helpsolve problems inhumansand vice versa. The principles presented in this book are structured to refer to all animals, both humanandnon-human. InChap.1,theneedforcarefulscientificstudyofstressandwelfareisexplained. Thereasonsforsomeoftheproblemsinunderstandingtheconceptsarediscussed, anditisargued thatthereisarequirement forfurther analysisoftheconcepts,and especiallyforaneffectivesynthesisofcurrentideas.Theuseofthetermsstressand welfare is clarified by deriving definitions for them related to the functioning and efficacy of the biological systems that animals use to both regulate their lives and dealwithdifficulties.Thesesystemsincludeawiderangeofbiologicalcomponents includingthefeelingsoftheanimals.ThisderivationisexplainedinChaps.2and3. Thedefinitions,basedonestablishedbiologicalconceptsandconsistentwithsimilar ideasinotherdisciplines,aredescribedindetailinChap.4. Fromthistheoreticalbase,soundandpracticalapproachesforassessingwelfare areoutlined.Chapter5providesanaccountoftheresponsesofindividualstoshort- termdisturbances,whiletheresponsestolong-termdisturbancesaredocumentedin Chap.6.InChap.7,theuseofpreferencestudiestoprovideinformationrelevantto theassessment ofwelfare, especiallythat ofanimalsthatweuse,isdiscussed. The questionofhowgreatadisturbanceofhomeostasis,orwhatlevelofstimulationan animal should be subjected to, is partly a matter of biological judgement, since animalsmaymanagebetterifexposedtoamoderatelevelofstimulation,evenifitis aversive, rather than being protected from stimulation entirely. But ethical consid- erations obviously also dictate that there must be a limit. A survey of the ethical
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