Stress and Addiction: Biological and Psychological Mechanisms

453 Pages·2007·4.16 MB·English

by  Mustafa al'Absi

STRESS AND ADDICTION
Biological and Psychological Mechanisms
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
STRESS AND
ADDICTION
Biological and Psychological
Mechanisms
Edited by
Mustafa al’Absi, Ph.D.
University of Minnesota Medical School
Duluth, MN, USA
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Contents
Contributors xi
Foreword by George F. Koob xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
SECTION I. NEUROBIOLOGY OF STRESS AND ADDICTION
1. Biological Bases of the Stress Response 3
Brigitte M. Kudielka and Clemens Kirschbaum
I. Introduction 3
II. Physiological Stress Research 4
III. Major Components of the Biological Stress Response System 7
IV. Other Stress-Responsive Hormone Axes 10
V. Other Stress-Responsive Systems 12
VI. Final Remarks 15
References 15
2. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Addiction 21
Nicholas E. Goeders
I. Introduction 21
II. Stress and the HPA Axis 22
III. Stress, the HPA Axis, and the Acquisition of Drug Taking 23
IV. Stress and Vulnerability to Addiction in Humans 25
V. The HPA Axis and the Maintenance of Drug Taking 26
VI. Relapse to Addiction 28
VII. Inconsistencies 30
VIII. Conclusions and Implications for the Treatment of Addiction 33
References 35
vi
CONTENTS
3. Dopaminergic Reward Pathways and Effects of Stress 41
Michela Marinelli
I. Defi ning Stress 41
II. The Mesencephalic Dopamine System 42
III. Dopamine and Addiction 48
IV. Dopamine and Stress 52
V. Conclusions 63
References 67
4. Endogenous Opiates, Addiction, and the Stress Response 85
Rachel Y. Chong, Magdalena Uhart, and Gary S. Wand
I. Introduction 85
II. The Endogenous Opioid System 86
III. The Endogenous Opioid System and Reward and Reinforcement 86
IV. Effect of Alcohol on Endogenous Opioid Activity 87
V. Effect of Alcohol on Endogenous Opioid Receptors 88
VI. Endogenous Opioid Activity and Receptors and Alcohol Preference 88
VII. Opioid Antagonists in the Treatment of Alcohol Addiction 90
VIII. Endogenous Opioid Activity and Receptors and Cocaine Preference 91
IX. Opioid Antagonists in the Treatment of Cocaine Addiction 91
X. Opioids and Risk for Alcoholism 92
XI. The μ-Opioid Receptor Gene 95
XII. Conclusions 97
References 97
5. Early Life Stress and Vulnerability to Addiction 105
Therese A. Kosten and Priscilla Kehoe
I. Introduction 105
II. Neurohormonal Mechanisms of Stress Relevant to Cocaine Addiction 106
III. Animal Models 108
IV. Neurohormonal Effects of Neonatal Isolation 110
V. Behavioral Effects of Neonatal Isolation 112
VI. Sex Differences and Estrous Stage Effects of Neonatal Isolation 118
VII. Maternal Care Hypothesis 118
VIII. Conclusions and Translation for Clinical Relevance 119
References 120
6. Genetics, Stress, and the Risk for Addiction 127
Mary-Anne Enoch
I. Introduction 127
II. The Extent of the Problem: Prevalence of Addiction 128
III. Heritability of Addiction 128
IV. HPA Axis 130
vii
CONTENTS
V. The “Reward” Pathway of Addiction: Interaction with Stress 132
VI. Reward Pathway and Stress Response: Key Neurotransporter Systems 133
VII. Limbic Regulation of Response to Stress 137
VIII. The Locus Coeruleus (LC)-Norepinephrine (NE) System 138
IX. Conclusions 139
References 139
7. Neurobiology of Stress and Risk for Relapse 147
Suzanne Erb
I. Overview 147
II. Animal Models for Studying the Effects of Stress on Relapse to Drug Seeking:
The Reinstatement Procedure 148
III. The Neurobiology of Stress-Induced Reinstatement of Drug Seeking 152
IV. Long-Lasting Changes in the Responsivity of the Central Nervous System to CRF:
Behavioral and Neuroanatomical Studies with Potential Implications
for Reinstatement 158
V. Conclusions 161
References 162
SECTION II. PSYCHOSOCIAL PROCESSES RELATED TO STRESS AND ADDICTION
8. Negative Affect and Addiction 171
Jon D. Kassel, Jennifer C. Veilleux, Margaret C. Wardle, Marisa C. Yates,
Justin E. Greenstein, Daniel P. Evatt, and Linda L. Roesch
I. Introduction 172
II. Precisely What Is Negative Affect? 174
III. Historical Perspectives on the Role of Withdrawal, Negative Affect,
and Substance Abuse 176
IV. Drug Expectancy Effects and NA 178
V. Initiation Stage: Drug Use and NA 179
VI. Maintenance Stage: Drug Use and NA 180
VII. Relapse Stage: Drug Use and NA 182
VIII. Conclusions and Future Directions 182
References 184
9. Stress and Impulsive Behaviors 191
Christopher B. Donahue and Jon E. Grant
I. Introduction 191
II. Impulse Control and Substance Use Disorders 192
III. Reward-Seeking Behavior: Pathological Gambling (PG) 192
IV. Habit Behavior: Trichotillomania (TTM) 198
V. Lack of Premeditation: Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED) 201
VI. Conclusions 205
References 206
viii
CONTENTS
10. Psychosocial Determinants of the Stress Response 211
Andrew Steptoe and Mark Hamer
I. Introduction 211
II. Sociodemographic Factors and Stress Responses 213
III. Life Stress Exposure 215
IV. Protective Psychosocial Factors 220
V. Conclusions 222
References 222
11. Individual Differences in Response to Stress and Risk for Addiction 227
William R. Lavallo
I. Introduction 227
II. Stress and the Brain’s Motivational Systems 228
III. Hedonic Homeostasis in Addiction Risk 230
IV. Affective Regulation and Vulnerability to Addiction 231
V. Addictions and Abnormalities of HPAC Regulation of Cortisol Secretion 232
VI. Risk for Addiction, Central Opioid Function, and Regional Brain Function 235
VII. The VAL158MET Polymorphism and Opioid Function 238
VIII. Addiction, Response to Stress, and Hedonic Dysregulation 241
IX. Life Events, Behavioral Dispositions, and Addiction Risk 243
X. Conclusions 244
References 244
12. Addiction and Stress in Adolescents 249
Susan R. Tate, Katherine A. Patterson, Bonnie J. Nagel, Kristin G. Anderson,
and Sandra A. Brown
I. Introduction 249
II. Adolescent Development 250
III. Life Stress in Adolescence 252
IV. Adolescent Stress and Addictive Behaviors 254
V. Implications for Adolescent Addiction Interventions 257
VI. Summary 258
References 259
SECTION III. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: ASSESSMENT AND INTERVENTION
13. Assessment of Stress in Research and Clinical Settings 265
Gary L. Davis, Mustafa al’Absi and Jane Hovland
I. Introduction 265
II. The Assessment of Stressful Life Events 266
III. The Assessment of Self-Reported Stress 269
ix
CONTENTS
IV. Biological and Physiological Assessment 273
V. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical (HPA) Measures 273
VI. The Sympatho-Adreno-Medullary (SAM) System 275
VII. The Immune Response 277
VIII. Conclusions 278
References 280
14. Assessment of Addictions in Clinical and Research Settings 285
Michael Ellery and Sherry H. Stewart
I. Introduction 285
II. Addiction Screens 287
III. Diagnostic Measures 290
IV. Symptom Severity Measures 291
V. Behavioral Measures 292
VI. Treatment Planning 293
VII. Conclusions 297
References 298
15. Stress, Anxiety, and Addiction: Intervention Strategies 301
Christopher B. Donahue and Matt G. Kushner
I. Introduction 301
II. Stress-Related Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) 303
III. Anxiety Disorders and Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) 304
IV. Moderators of the Anxiety and SUD Association 304
V. Treatment of Comorbid Disorders 305
VI. Anxiety and SUD Treatment Program Concepts 306
VII. Anxiety and SUD Treatment Outcomes 307
VIII. Treatment Studies Reviewed 307
IX. Conclusions 311
References 312
16. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use Disorders 315
Miguel E. Roberts, Scott D. Moore, and Jean C. Beckham
I. Epidemiology and Course 315
II. Genetics of PTSD and Addiction 319
III. Neurobiology of Stress and Substance Abuse Disorders 321
IV. Treatment Implications 322
V. Summary and Future Directions 326
References 326