Streams and Ground Waters (Aquatic Ecology)

447 Pages·1999·21.54 MB·English

by  Jeremy B. Jones

Streams and
Ground Wa ters
AQUATIC ECOLOGY Bevies
Series Editor
Thorp
Department of Biology
University of Louisville
Louisville, Kentucky
Other titles in the series:
Groundwater Ecology
Janine Gilbert, Dan L. Danielopol, Jack A. Stanford
Algal Ecology
R. Jan Stevenson, Max L. Bothwell, Rex L. Lowe
Streams
a n d
Ground Waters
Edited by
Jeremy B. Jones
Department of Riological Sciences
University of Nevada
Las Vegas, Nevada
Patrick J. Mulholland
Environmental Sciences Division
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
ACADEMIC PRESS
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PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
03 04 05 06 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Contents
Contributors xiii
Preface xvii
SECTION ONE
THE PHYSICAL TEMPLATE: HYDROLOGY,
HYDRA ULIC$, AND PHYSICAL STRUCTURE
Quantifying Hydrologic Interactions between
Streams and Their Subsurface Hyporheic Zones
Judson W. Harvey and Brian J. Wagner
I. Introduction 4
vi Contents
II. Challenge of Investigating Small-Scale Subsurface
Processes That May Have Basin-Scale
Consequences 6
III. Empirical Approaches to Quantifying Hydrologic
Exchange between Streams and Shallow Ground
Water 7
IV. Using the Stream-Tracer Approach to Characterize
the Hyporheic Zone 17
V. Paradigm Lost? Limitations of the Stream-Tracer
Approach as a Means to Quantify Hyporheic
Processes 21
VI. Charting New Directions in Hyporheic-Zone
Research 38
VII. Conclusion 39
References 41
2 Modeling Surface-Subsurface
Hydrologic Interactions
Aaron I. Packman and Kenneth E. Bencala
I. Introduction 46
II. Viewing the Interaction from the Stream 47
III. Viewing the Interaction from the Stream-Bed
Interface 51
IV. Viewing the Interaction from the Subsurface 72
V. Challenges 77
References 77
SECTION TWO
BIOGEOCHEMISTRY
SUBSYSTEM INTERACTIONS WITH STREAM
SURFACE WATER
3
Alan R. Hill
I. Introduction 83
II. Riparian Zone Hydrological-Chemical
Interactions: An Overview 84
III. Riparian Influences on Stream Chemistry 87
IV. Riparian Zone Influences on Stream Chemistry
Contents vii
in Relation to Watershed Hydrogeology:
A Conceptual Framework 100
V. Future Research Directions 106
References 107
Flood Frequency and Stream-Riparian
Linkages in Arid Lands
Eug~nia Marti, Stuart G. Fisher, John J. Schade,
and Nancy B. Grimm
I. Introduction 111
II. Riparian Zones in Arid Catchments 112
III. Hydrological Linkages in Mesic and Arid
Catchments 113
IV. Conceptual Model 115
V. Case Study: Sycamore Creek 117
VI. Synthesis 123
VII. Conclusions: Intermediate Disturbance
and Nutrient Retention 131
References 133
5 of
Robert M. Holmes
I. Introduction 137
II. Influence of Ground Water on Stream
Functioning 139
III. Summary 144
References 145
6
Patrick J. Mulholland and Donald L. DeAngelis
I. Introduction 149
II. Empirical Studies 151
III. A Stream Nutrient Spiraling Model with Subsurface
Transient Storage 154
IV. Results of Model Experiments 158
V. Relevance of Model Experiments 161
VI. Future Research Needs 163
References 164
viii Contents
7 Emergent Biological Patterns and Sur[ace-
Subsur[ace Interactions at Landscape Scales
C. M. Pringle and Frank J. Triska
I. Introduction 167
II. The Balance of Physical and Chemical Factors
on the Geologic Template and Emergent
Biological Patterns 169
III. Hydrothermal Systems as Models 171
IV. Human Implants on Surface-Subsurface
Interactions 175
V. Synthesis and Recommendations
for Future Studies 185
References 189
SECTION TWO
BIOGEOCHEMISTRY
NUTRIENTS AND METABOLISM
8 Nitrogen Biogeochemistry and Surface-
Subsurface Exchange in Streams
John H. Duff and Frank J. Triska
I. Introduction 197
II. Nitrogen Forms and Transformation Pathways
in Fluvial Environments 199
III. Nitrogen Sources in Fluvial Environments 200
IV. Hydrologic Residence in Pristine Streams 201
V. The Redox Environment 203
VI. Ammonium Sorption to Hyporheic Sediments 204
VII. Linking Nitrogen Transformation to Hydrologic
Exchange in Hyporheic Zone Research 205
VIII. What These Models Tell Us 214
IX. Future Directions for Research 216
References 217
9 Stream and Groundwater Influences
on Phosphorus Biogeocflemistry
Susan P. Hendricks and David S. White
I. Introduction 221
Contents ix
II. Sources and Forms of Phosphorus 222
III. Abiotic Phosphorus Retention by Bed
Sediments 223
IV. Biotic Phosphorus Retention and Release
within Bed Sediments 224
V. Fluvial Dynamics and Physical Retention
Mechanisms 225
VI. Phosphorus and Surface-Subsurface Exchange.
A Conceptual Model 226
VII. Summary and Research
Needs 232
References 233
I0 Surface and Subsurface Dissolved
Organic Carbon
Louis A. Kaplan and J. Denis Newbold
I. Introduction 237
II. DOC Concentrations 238
III. Processes within the Hyporheic
Zone 242
References 253
11 Anoxia, Anaerobic
Biogeocflemistry of the Stream-water-
Oroundwa ter In terrace
Michelle A. Baker, Clifford N. Dahm,
and H. Maurice Valett
I. Introduction 260
II. Methods Used in Studies of Anaerobic
Metabolism 264
III. Controls on the Establishment
of Anoxia 266
IV. Biogeochemistry and Evidence for Anaerobic
Metabolism 269
V. Influence of Subsurface Anaerobic
Metabolism on Stream Ecosystem
Processes 276
VI. Conclusions and Future Research
Directions 278
References 280