Strategies of Immune Regulation PDF
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ACADEMIC PRESS RAPID MANUSCRIPT REPRODUCTION Strategies of Immune Regulation Edited by Eli Sercarz Department of Microbiology University of California Los Angeles, California Alastair J* Cunningham The Ontano Cancer Institute Toronto, Canada ACADEMIC PRESS A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers New York London Toronto Sydney San Francisco 1980 COPYRIGHT © 1980, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Strategies of immune regulation. Includes index. 1. Immune response—Regulation. I. Sercarz, EHE. J.I. Cunningham, AlastairJ. [DNLM: 1. Immunology. 2. Genes, Regulator. QW504.3 S898] QR186.S82 599.02'9 79-28392 ISBN 0-12-637140-7 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 80 81 82 83 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTRIBUTORS Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. Luciano Adorini (483), Laboratorio di Radiopatologia, CNEN, CSN Casaccia, 00060 Casaccia, Rome, Italy R. Ashman (417), Departments of Medicine and Microbiology-Immunology, Uni versity of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024 Stratis Avrameas (453), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France George I. Bell (3), Theoretical Division, Los Almos Scientific Laboratory, Univer sity of California, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 Baruj Benacerraf (95), Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Bos ton, Massachussetts 02115 Howard Bilofsky (229), Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, Inc., Cambridge, Mas sachussetts 02138 Samuel J. Black (157, 439), International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya Bonnie Blomberg (271, 451), Basel Institute for Immunology, 487 Grenz- acherstrasse, CH-4005 Basel 5, Switzerland K. Bottomly (487), The Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111 Peter A. Bretscher (17), MRC Group on Immunoregulation, Department of Im munology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada M. Brittle (463), Department of Immunology, Middlesex Hospital, London, En gland E.C. Butcher (77), Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathol ogy, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305 John Cambier (423), Duke University, Verterans Administration Hospital, Build ing 5, Durham, North Carolina 27705 Harvey Cantor (43), Sidney Färber Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Bos ton, Massachussetts 02115 J. Donald Capra (233), Southwestern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75235 Robert E. Cone (395), Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510 A. Cooke (373, 505), Department of Immunology, Middlesex Hospital, London W.l, England xiii XIV Contnbutors J. Couderc (457), Institut d'Immuno-biologie, U.20 INSERM-LA. 143 CNRS, Hospital Broussais, 96 rue Didot, 75674 Paris, Cedex 14, France Alastair J* Cunningham (27, 251, 287, 497), The Ontario Cancer Institute, The Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M4X 1K9 Terry Delovoitch (329), Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L6 Erwin Diener (513), MRC Group on Immunoregulation, Department of Im munology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Peter C. Doherty (103, 279), Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 Richard W* Dutton (467), Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037 Peter Erb (345, 351), Institute for Microbiology, University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland Marc Feldmann (351, 393), Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Zoology, University College, Gower Street, London WC1 6BT, England James Forman (293), Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75235 FL Hugh Fudenberg (529), Department of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Medi cal School of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29403 Richard K. Gershon (43), Department of Pathology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut 06510 R.M. Gorczynski (361), The Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Michael Harvey (483), Department of Microbiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024 Leonard A. Herzenberg (157, 439), Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305 Leonore A. Herzenberg (157, 439), Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305 Geoffrey W. Hoffmann (401), Basel Institute for Immunology, Postfach, CH- 4005 Basel 5, Switzerland Nobumichi Hozumi (237), The Ontario Cancer Institute, 500 Sherbourne Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4X 1K9 P.R. Hutchings (505), Department of Immunology, Middlesex Hospital, London W.l, England Charles A. Janeway, Jr. (179), Department of Pathology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut 06510 Patricia P. Jones (323), Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 Elvin A. Kabat (229), The National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014 Judith A. Kapp (315) Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Jewish Hospital of St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 John W. Kappler (311, 379), Division of Immunology, National Jewish Hospital, Denver, Colorado 80206 Contributors XV Doug Kilburn (363), Department of Microbiology, University of British Columbia Medical School, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Thomas J. Kindt (233), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Na tional Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20205 Heinz Köhler (493), LaRabida Institute and the Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60649 Sirkka Kontiainen (351, 393), Departments of Serology and Bacteriology, Univer sity of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290 Helsinki, Finland Peter H* Krammer (327), Institute for Immunology and Genetics, DKFZ 69, Heidelberg 1, West Germany Julia Levy (363), Department of Microbiology, University of British Columbia Medical School, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada P. Liacopoulos (457), Institut d'Immuno-biologie, U.20 INSERM-LA. 143 CNRS, Hôpital Broussais, 96 rue Didot, 75674 Paris, Cedex 14, France B. Mach (241, 247, 253), Department de Microbiologie, 64 Avenue de la Roseraie CH-1205 Geneve, Switzerland Olli Màkela (481), Departments of Serology and Bacteriology, University of Hel sinki, Helsinki 29, Finland Philippa Marrack (311, 379), Division of Immunology, National Jewish Hospital, Denver, Colorado 80206 S* Marshall'Clarke (267, 373), Division of Immunology, N.I.M.R., London N.W.7, England Bonnie J* Mathieson (465), Laboratory of Microbial Immunity, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Mary land 20205 T. Matsunaga (319), Department of Genetics, City of Hope, Duarte, California Alexander Miller (341), Department of Microbiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024 J.RA-P- Miller (63, 333), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Re search, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia Richard G* Miller (507), The Ontario Cancer Institute, The Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada N.A. Mitchison (121), Tumor Immunology, University College, London, England Göran Möller (409), Department of Immunobiology, Wallenberg Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, S-104 05, Stockholm 50, Sweden D.E. Mosier (487), The Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase, Philidelphia, Pennsylvania 19111 Joseph PL Nadeau (149), Max Planck Institut für Biologie, D-7400 Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany GJ-V- Nossal (263, 517), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Austrailia Ko Okumura (353), Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Inohana, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan F. Paraskevas (369, 389), Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada XVI Contributors R.MJS* Parkhouse (431), National Institute for Medical Research, London, En- gland William E. Paul (135), Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20205 Carl W. Pierce (315), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Jewish Hospital of St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 Linda Pilarski (299), Department of Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmon ton, Alberta, Canada J.HX. Playfair (267, 463, 505), Department of Immunology, Middlesex Hospital, London, W.l, England Wfodzimierz Ptak (367), Institute of Microbiology and Pediatrics, Copernicus School of Medicine, 31-121 Krakow, Poland T.H* Rabbitts (243), MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, The Medical School, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England Noel R* Rose (523), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201 R.V. Rouse (77), Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathol ogy, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305 John W· Schrader (413), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia Ron Schwartz (273), Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20205 R.G. Scollay (77), Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathol ogy, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305 D.W. Scott (427), Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710 Eli E. Sercarz (199, 359, 483), Department of Microbiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024 E· Simpson (319), Surgical Science Division, Clinical Research Center, North- wick Park Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, England N.R* StC* Sinclair (211, 387), Department of Microbiology, University of West ern Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Jonathan Sprent (305, 337), Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvan ia School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 Alfred D. Steinberg (377, 503), 8814 Bells Mill Road, Potomac, Maryland 20854 J· Wayne Streilein (293), Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75235 S· Strober (447), Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 Susan L* Swain (467), Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 90237 Tornio Tada (353), Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Inohana, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Norman Talal (501), Department of Immunology/Arthritis, Veterans Administra tion Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121 Contributors XVll David W* Talmage (261, 291), Webb-Waring Lung Institute, University of Col orado Medical Center, Denver, Colorado 80262 Masaru Taniguchi (353), Laboratory for Immunology School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan R.B* Taylor (405), Department of Pathology, University of Bristol, The Medical School, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, England Takeshi Tokuhisa (439), Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305 J. Urbain (473), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 67 rue des Chevaux, B-1640 Rhode-St-Genese, Belgique E.S. Vitetta (435), Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwest ern Medical School, Dallas, Texas 75235 Edward K. Wakeland (149), Max Planck Institut für Biologie, D-7400 Tübinger, Federal Republic of Germany Herman Waldmann (383), Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, Cam bridge, England Cory A. Waters (513), MRC Group on Immunoregulation and Department of Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada William O. Weigle (521), Department of Immunopathology, Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla, California 92037 LL. Weissman (77), Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305 Alan Williamson (257, 443), Department of Biochemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland Tai Te Wu (229), Departments of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60201 Rolf M. Zinkernagel (283), Department of Immunopathology, Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla, California 92037 PREFACE Immunology illustrates in a particularly clear way Thomas Kuhn's views (ex pounded in "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions") on progress in science. "Paradigms," or comprehensive theories, rule for a while and then are overthrown. In the 1940s we had the instructional theory, in the late 1950s and 1960s clonai selection, and now, while the basic idea of clonai selection is seldom disputed, it is becoming evident that the specific products of an immune response depend largely on the outcome of an exceedingly complex process of regulation. It had been thought that lymphocytes simply made contact with antigen, then proliferated until the supply of antigen ran out. It dawned surprisingly late on immunologists that this kind of process would be dangerously uncontrolled—for example, a single mutant with reactivity to a self-antigen might proliferate until it overwhelmed the body. Now it appears that any response probably generates an "antiresponse." Immunocompetent cells may be constantly held in check by other cells with an tagonistic action, an equilibrium that antigens disturb. The specific molecular ele ments involved are antigenic determinants and immunoglobulin idiotypes. There is, in addition, another important level of regulation mediated by the major his- tocompatibility complex, which is dealt with by many of our contributors. We organized this volume in order to assemble current opinions on how immune regulation works. Not all who were invited were able to contribute, and we offer apologies to those who may have been overlooked, but many working scientists have taken the time to set down their views in one of two categories: (a) "conven tional" short papers with standard documentation, (b) short expressions of opinion, with or without references. In this latter category, the contributors to one question were sent the papers of other members of the group and invited to comment; these comments have been appended, to convey something of the ferment that this topic currently inspires. Immunology in the 1980s seems likely to be largely concerned with regulation. We hope that this book will act as a summary of present knowledge and as a jumping-off point for new young workers, entering the field, who will ultimately fashion the next paradigm. Eli E. Sercarz Alastair J* Cunningham xix CYBERNETICS AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM George I. Bell INTRODUCTION Cybernetics is the science of feedback control systems. In this chapter I will discuss systems for controlling the proliferation and differentiation of cells in adult multicel- lular animals, with special emphasis on cells of the immune system. Any feedback control system must contain or consider a number of elements. First, there must be some goal or desired state for the system. A mammal will have, for example, a par ticular body temperature or narrow range of core temperatures as a goal. A second element is some mechanism for estimating the ac tual state of the system and comparing the actual state with the desired state. For example, cells in the hypothalamus ap parently sense the local blood temperature and compare it to the desired range of temperatures. Finally, there must be a feedback mechanism for altering the actual state of the system toward the desired state, if the difference between the two is found to be significant. Thus the mechanism feeds back information about the difference between actual and desired states so as to regulate the system in such a way as to reduce the difference. If, for example, the body temperature is estimated to be too high, such mechan isms as dilation of peripheral blood vessels, sweating or panting may be initiated in order to cool the animal. It is self-evident that complex multicellular organisms such as vertebrates must employ a great variety of mechanisms so as; to control their internal environment and achieve homeo- statis. In such organisms there are likely to be many partial goals, which are often in competition for a pool of limited resources, sometimes in conflict, and all ultimately subordi nate to the goal of reproductive survival of the species. It Copyright © 1980 by Academic Press. Inc. STRATEGIES OF IMMUNE REGULATION 3 All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. ISBN 0-12-637140-7
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