Strategies for building resilience against climate and ecosystem changes in Sub-Saharan Africa PDF
Preview Strategies for building resilience against climate and ecosystem changes in Sub-Saharan Africa
Science for Sustainable Societies Osamu Saito Gordana Kranjac-Berisavljevic Kazuhiko Takeuchi Edwin A. Gyasi Editors Strategies for Building Resilience against Climate and Ecosystem Changes in Sub- Saharan Africa Science for Sustainable Societies Series Editorial Board Editor in Chief Kazuhiko Takeuchi, Ph.D., Director and Project Professor, Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science (IR3S), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), Chair of the Board of Directors, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Japan Series Adviser Joanne M. Kauffman, Ph.D., Co-editor in Chief, Handbook of Sustainable Engineering, Springer, 2013 Scientific Advisory Committee Sir Partha Dasgupta, Ph.D., Frank Ramsey Professor Emeritus of Economics, University of Cambridge, UK; Volvo Environment Prize, 2002; Blue Planet Prize, 2015 Hiroshi Komiyama, Ph.D., Chairman, Mitsubishi Research Institute, Japan; President Emeritus, The University of Tokyo, Japan Sander Van der Leeuw, Ph.D., Foundation Professor, School of Human Evolution and Social Change and School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, USA Hiroyuki Yoshikawa, Dr. Eng., Member of Japan Academy; Chairman, The Japan Prize Foundation; President Emeritus, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Japan Prize 1997 Tan Sri Zakri Abdul Hamid, Ph.D., Science Adviser to the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Malaysia; Founding Chair of the UN Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES); Zayed International Prize, 2014 Editorial Board Jean-Louis Armand, Ph.D., Professor, Aix-Marseille Université, France James Buizer, Professor, University of Arizona, USA Anantha Duraiappah, Ph.D., Director, UNESCO Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable (MGIEP), India Thomas Elmqvist, Ph.D., Professor, Stockholm Resilience Center and Stockholm University, Sweden Ken Fukushi, Ph.D., Professor, The University of Tokyo, Japan Vincenzo Nazo, Ph.D., Professor, The Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Obijiofor Aginam, Ph.D., United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health (UNU-IIGH), Malaysia Osamu Saito, Ph.D., Academic Director and Academic Programme Officer, United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability (UNU-IAS), Japan Leena Srivastava, Ph.D., Executive Director, The Energy and Resources Institute, India Jeffrey Steinfeld, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA Scope of the Series This series aims to provide timely coverage of results of research conducted in accordance with the principles of sustainability science to address impediments to achieving sustainable societies – that is, societies that are low carbon emitters, that live in harmony with nature, and that promote the recycling and re-use of natural resources. Books in the series also address innovative means of advancing sustainability science itself in the development of both research and education models. The overall goal of the series is to contribute to the development of sustainability science and to its promotion at research institutions worldwide, with a view to further- ing knowledge and overcoming the limitations of traditional discipline-based research to address complex problems that afflict humanity and now seem intractable. Books published in this series will be solicited from scholars working across academic disciplines to address challenges to sustainable development in all areas of human endeavors. This is an official book series of the Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science (IR3S) of the University of Tokyo. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11884 Osamu Saito • Gordana Kranjac-Berisavljevic Kazuhiko Takeuchi • Edwin A. Gyasi Editors Strategies for Building Resilience against Climate and Ecosystem Changes in Sub-Saharan Africa Editors Osamu Saito Gordana Kranjac-Berisavljevic United Nations University Institute for the University for Development Studies Advanced Study of Sustainability Tamale, Ghana (UNU-IAS) Tokyo, Japan Edwin A. Gyasi Department of Geography and Resource Kazuhiko Takeuchi Development Integrated Research System for University of Ghana Sustainability Science (IR3S) Legon, Accra, Ghana The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS) Tokyo, Japan Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) Kanagawa, Japan ISSN 2197-7348 ISSN 2197-7356 (electronic) Science for Sustainable Societies ISBN 978-981-10-4794-7 ISBN 978-981-10-4796-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4796-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017946859 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface This book is the product of over 5 years of collaborative and interdisciplinary research work by scientists and researchers from Ghana and Japan, farmers in local communities in the Tolon and Wa West Districts in the Northern and Upper West Regions of Ghana, and policy agents under the Enhancing Resilience to Climate and Ecosystem Changes in Semi-Arid Africa: An Integrated Approach (CECAR- Africa) project initiated in 2012. CECAR stands for Climate and Ecosystem Changes Adaptation Research. To be more specific, this edited book is a compila- tion of selected presentations from the first “International Conference on Enhancing Resilience to Climate and Ecosystem Changes in Semi-Arid Africa” under the theme “Adaptation strategies for mitigating impacts of climate and ecosystem changes on developing societies” at the University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana, on 6–7 August 2014. The conference was attended by over 140 participants made up of project members, researchers and scientists from academe, and development practitioners and business sectors, government agencies, depart- ments, and ministries from Ghana and over 20 countries across the world to present and discuss research findings. The contributed papers include research findings from both CECAR-Africa project members and non-project members. The CECAR-Africa project locally operationalized the sustainability science approach by integrating the needs and traditional knowledge of local communities and the use of various quantitative and qualitative research techniques and methods such as field surveys, questionnaires, focal group discussions, land use and cover change analysis, climate downscaling, hydrological model, and crop modeling. Each chapter in the book contributes to understanding and appreciating the effects of climate and ecosystem changes with sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) which is consid- ered to be one of the most vulnerable regions to climate and ecosystem changes. The case studies also provide useful knowledge of collective responses and coping adaptive capacity to enhance overall resilience across scales from local, to regional, to national scales. This book is designed to be useful for both academics and professionals includ- ing policy makers in various government agencies and international organizations, natural resource managers, and local leaders and practitioners. Also, we envision v vi Preface that the book contributes to raising awareness and effective implementation for achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in sub-Saharan Africa. This book can be used in both undergraduate and postgraduate courses concerning topics such as localized application of sustainability science, climate change adaptation, resilience, natural resource management, and governance and capacity building. We also believe that the case studies presented in this book are highly relevant as they show research conducted at a local, national, and regional scale. They will also serve as useful data for consideration in international research and policy activities such as the climate change adaptation research of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the regional and subregional assessments of Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). Tokyo, Japan Osamu Saito Tamale, Ghana Gordana Kranjac-Berisavljevic Tokyo, Japan Kazuhiko Takeuchi Kanagawa, Japan Legon, Accra, Ghana Edwin A. Gyasi August 2017 Acknowledgments We wish to acknowledge and thank multiple stakeholders for their contribution and support to this book, including all project members, contributing researchers, con- ference participants, local governments, and local communities in the Tolon and Wa West Districts in the Northern and Upper West Regions of Ghana. The CECAR-Africa project and this book could not have been materialized with- out the financial support received from the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) as part of SATREPS (Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development). We particularly thank JICA Ghana Office and the project coordinators for effectively managing project funds and collaborative activities. The dedication and diligence of project scientists and researchers from Ghana (University of Ghana, University for Development Studies, Ghana Meteorological Agency, and United Nations University Institute for Natural Resources in Africa) and Japan (the University of Tokyo, Kyoto University, and United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability) was instrumental in the concep- tualization and implementation of the project. To all the authors who contributed to this book, we say a big thank you for their efforts. We are also grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable and con- structive comments which helped improve initial drafts of authors’ manuscript. Above all, we are profoundly grateful to the community members in the project sites in the Tolon district (Yoggu, Cheshagu, Fihini, Daboshe, Zagua, and Kpalgun) and Wa West district (Baleufili, Bankpama, Chietanga, and Zowayeli) of the Northern and Upper West Regions, respectively. Farmers and other community members whose knowledge and information forms the basis for this book were very receptive to researchers and scientists during numerous field visits and community workshops. vii Contents Part I Formulation of ‘Ghana Model’ 1 Toward Enhancing Resilience to Climate and Ecosystem Changes in Semi-Arid Africa: Evidence from Northern Ghana ........ 3 Osamu Saito, Yaw Agyeman Boafo, and Godfred Seidu Jasaw 2 The Ghana Model for Resilience Enhancement in Semiarid Ghana: Conceptualization and Social Implementation....................... 11 Osamu Saito, Yaw Agyeman Boafo, Godfred Seidu Jasaw, Effah Kwabena Antwi, Shoyama Kikuko, Gordana Kranjac-Berisavljevic, Richard Wilfred Nartey Yeboah, Francis Obeng, Edwin A. Gyasi, and Kazuhiko Takeuchi Part II Case Studies on Climate and Ecosystem Change Impacts on Agriculture and Livelihood 3 Response of Maize to Different Nitrogen Application Rates and Tillage Practices Under Two Slope Positions in the Face of Current Climate Variability in the Sudan Savanna of West Africa .......................................................................................... 41 Isaac Danso, Thomas Gaiser, Heidi Webber, Jesse Naab, and Frank Ewert 4 Impact of Floods on Farmers’ Livelihoods in the Semi-arid Zone of Benin .................................................................................................... 59 Alice Bonou, Tobias Wünscher, Anselme Adéniyi Adégbidi, and Adama Diaw 5 Socioeconomic Impacts of Climate Change on the Livelihood and Adaptation Strategies of Smallholder Farmers in the Upper White Volta Basin of Ghana ............................................ 79 Joseph Amikuzuno ix x Contents 6 Evaluating the Effect of Irrigation on Paddy Rice Yield by Applying the AquaCrop Model in Northern Ghana ....................... 93 Shaibu Abdul-Ganiyu, Nicholas Kyei-Baffour, Wilson Agyei Agyare, and Wilson Dogbe 7 Farmers’ Livelihoods and Welfare in the Wa West District, Upper West Region of Ghana ................................................................ 117 Samuel A. Donkoh, Isaac Gershon Kodwo Ansah, William Adzawla, and Bismark Amfo Part III Case Studies on Ecosystem, Bio-production and Socio-ecological Production Landscapes 8 Diversity and Dispersion Patterns of Tree Species Within Household Farmlands and Open Parklands in the Talensi Area of Northern Ghana ........................................................................ 137 Francis Azumah Chimsah, Joseph Saa Dittoh, and Israel Kwame Dzomeku 9 Assessing Land and Ecosystem Management at the Local Level in the Savannah Ecological Zone and the Implications for Sustainability ..................................................................................... 149 Effah Kwabena Antwi, Ruby Mensah, Emmanuel Morgan Attua, Gerald Yiran, John Boakye-Danquah, Richmond Ametepe, and Dina Adjei Boadi 10 Non-timber Forest Products, Climate Change Resilience, and Poverty Alleviation in Northern Ghana ......................................... 179 Yakubu Balma Issaka 11 Material Flow Analysis of Shea Butter Production Systems: Implications for Sustainability in Semi-arid Ghana ............................ 193 Godfred Seidu Jasaw, Osamu Saito, and Kazuhiko Takeuchi Part IV Case Studies on Climate Change Adaptation and Coping Strategies 12 Strategies of Farmers in the Bawku West District of Ghana to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Variability on Farming ................ 217 Apuswin Mercy Abarike, Richard Wilfred Nartey Yeboah, and Israel Kwame Dzomeku 13 Green Farming Practices for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: A Comparison of Conventional Practices and Vetiver Technology ........................................................................... 237 Effiom Essien Oku
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