Strategic Alliances in Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals PDF
Preview Strategic Alliances in Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals
BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY AND MEDICINE S A B TRATEGIC LLIANCES IN IOTECHNOLOGY P AND HARMACEUTICALS HANS GOTTINGER, CELIA UMALI, AND FRANK FLOETHER B A , I IOTECHNOLOGY IN GRICULTURE NDUSTRY M AND EDICINE Additional books in this series can be found on Nova’s website at: https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/index.php?cPath=23_29&seriesp= Biotechnology+in+Agriculture%2C+Industry+and+Medicine Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova’s website at: https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/index.php?cPath=23_29&seriespe= Biotechnology+in+Agriculture%2C+Industry+and+Medicine BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY AND MEDICINE S A B TRATEGIC LLIANCES IN IOTECHNOLOGY P AND HARMACEUTICALS Copyright © 2010 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. 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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Gottinger, Hans-Werner. Strategic alliances in biotechnology and pharmaceuticals / authors, Hans Gottinger, Celia Umali. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-60876-997-1 (hardcover) 1. Biotechnology industries. 2. Pharmaceutical industry. 3. Strategic alliances (Business) I. Umali, Celia. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Drug Industry--economics. 2. Interinstitutional Relations. 3. Biotechnology--economics. 4. Biotechnology--organization & administration. 5. Drug Industry--organization & administration. QV 736 G686s 2010] HD9999.B442G668 2010 615.1068--dc22 2010001177 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York CONTENTS Foreword vii Alfredo Del Monte Preface xi Chapter 1 Essentials for Alliance Formation 1 Hans Gottinger Chapter 2 Science-Technology Entrepreneurship and the New Biotechnology Firms 15 Hans Gottinger Chapter 3 Alliances in the Biotech Industry: An Industry Study of Network Economies 29 Hans Gottinger and Celia L. Umali Chapter 4 Alliance Propensity of Biotech-Pharma: An Empirical Perspective 55 Hans Gottinger and Celia L. Umali Chapter 5 European Biotech-Pharma Industry Development 73 Hans Gottinger Chapter 6 Emerging Asian Biotech-Pharma Industry - Analysis and Trends 89 Celia L. Umali Chapter 7 Emerging Asian Biotech-Pharma Industry - Comparative Perspectives 107 Frank U. Floether Chapter 8 Strategic Alliances: Post-Analysis and Projection 137 Hans Gottinger and Celia L. Umali Contents Supplement Strategic Alliances, Mergers and Acquisitions 145 Hans Gottinger Subject Index 167 FOREWORD The book explores several aspects of the biotechnology industry. Why the U.S. biotechnology industry is now dominating the market and why European pharmaceuticals firms, once top leaders in their markets, now lag well behind in innovation capabilities? Why bio-pharmaceutical companies in Asia remained lagging in the last decades, relatively to their Western counterparts? The book focuses on the alliances between between small biotechnology start-up and established firms from the downstream sectors as a crucial element of the success of the U.S. industry. Other aspects explored in the book are: What factors affect the incidence of collaborative innovation relative to alternative modes? What are the common structural characteristics of these collaborations? What role do network economies play in such collaborations? How the evolution of technological progress in the biotech industry affected the structure the pharmaceutical industry. Chapter 1 analyses the effect of strategic alliances from the point of view of antitrust concerns.The chapter stress that traditional antitrust policies have focused more on the anticompetitive effects of joint ventures on market power of the firms than on anticompetitive strategic behaviour of such alliances. In high tech and network industries such anticompetitive strategic behaviour could be caused by exclusionary practices, as exclusive dealing, tying, cross-licensing, etc. The chapter analyses for each anticompetitive practice the current antitrust literature and then focus on strategic alliances. Chapter 2 covers the recent literature on the determinants of firms’ boundaries and on strategic issues to understand essential factors of alliance formation. The chapter reviews transaction cost theory and shows, as already investigated in the literature, that transaction costs alone are not a prime rational for strategic alliances. One important topic discussed in this chapter is a definition of strategic alliances that could be used to understand when network arrangements allow competitive advantages relative to other forms of organization. The chapter provides the motivation for forming alliances. It considers three categories that explain why firms become involved in network relations (network economics, innovation/competencies, market structure). Chapter 3 analyses the evolution of the biotechnology industry from a scientific and institutional point of view and the institutional factors (science technology entrepreneurship, biotechnology industry. university industrial relationship, venture capital etc.) that allowed the success of the U.S. biotechnology industry. The chapter analyses why in the U.S., differently from Europe, biotech is dominated by small and medium sized firms. Alfredo Del Monte viii Chapter 4 reviews several aspects of collaborative innovation and alliances in biotechnology. It applies network economics to the formation of alliances in the biotechnology industry. Chapter 5 analyses the relationship between alliance activity of pharmaceutical firms and economic performance. Chapter 6 examines biotech-Pharma industries in Europe. Europe has a very strong tradition in the pharmaceutical industry with a large number of firms in the top twenty but none of these firms played much part in the first decade of the new biotechnology. In Europe, on the other hand biotech firms have not grown in the same way as in the U.S., partly because favourable institutional frameworks (high funding/leading edge research in the life science, active venture capital market) did not exist. Strategies of large pharmaceutical firms in Europe till the late 1980s were more concentrated on vertical integration and were concerned with building up in-house competence. In the same period in the U.S. an effective division of labour was developed between new, small companies, large corporations and other research institutions, which have different comparative advantages in the “exploration” and “exploitation” of new innovation opportunities. It was only in the last few years that in Europe “vertical collaboration” between large companies and biotech companies have become more common. Chapters 7 and 8 analyse the biotech-pharmaceutical industry in Asia. Though the biotech sector in the more advanced countries of Asia started decades ago it has remained lagging relative to their Western counterparts. Most R&D in biotech is still done in public laboratories and national universities. Also science/technology entrepreneurship is not at all developed. The collaboration between small biotech firms and large pharmaceuticals firms is quite weak. The small biotech firms in Japan have to work on their own with their limited capital since, unlike in the U.S. and Europe, pharmaceutical companies would rather do in house R&D than form alliances. So, Asian governments are involved to develop the biotech sector. Large funds go to universities and public laboratories, and some small biotech companies spin off from these public and university laboratories. In recent years, also, in Asia bio-pharmaceutical companies have built strategic alliances to reduce R&D cost and increase the number of new products. But bio-pharmaceutical Japanese firms are consolidating and rationalizing their operations through mergers to compete with well-established foreign firms. Vertical integration strategy is still the dominant organization mode in pharmaceutical companies. Therefore the biotech-pharmaceutical industry in Asia seems characterized by 1) Strong government support 2) High vertical integration of biotech-pharmaceutical firms and 3) limited number of small biotech firms. We believe that the issue is an impressive informative contribution to understand biotech industry.A key feature of the authors’ research approach is the application of network economics to study alternative forms of organization in the biotechnology industry. Its hypothesis is that alliances are best organizational form in the bio-pharmaceutical industry. The study of motivations of collaboration in biotechnology has been analysed in the literature several times. One the first works on this subject was that of Pisano, Shan, Teece (1988). They showed that motivations of collaboration in biotechnology are linked to the distinctive competencies of the three types of organizations involved in biotechnology innovation: 1) universities and other non profit institutions, 2) new biotechnology firms 3) established firms in the pharmaceutical industry interested in the application of the new technologies. Forward ix The Pisano, Shan, Teece work concludes that “pressure seems to be the driving the R&D commercialization linkages away from collaborative arrangements and toward vertical integration”. This forecast has not been realized as it is shown in Chapters 3 and 4. Alliances between biotechnology firms and large pharmaceutical firms are still the predominant organization of biotechnology industry. This phenomenon reflects the pattern of distinctive competencies of the different organizations involved in the production process. Gottinger recognizes this aspect: “The preponderance of biotech alliances pertain most directly to the competencies category, where firms ally to leverage complementary competencies, such as small firm’s new drug discovery platform and an established pharmaceutical company’s trial competency.” But, he goes on to suggest that technological progress in biotech, with the introduction of genomics and proteomics by the end of the 1990s, has added a new dimension in the explanation of alliances in biotech, demand side economies of scale or network economics. This hypothesis creates some conceptual problems .The sharing of information between partners in the alliances reduces drastically the number of experiments that are required in a given target domain, and therefore reduce costs and time to take a product to the market .As new firms are added to a network the pool of information available to the partners of alliance increases and therefore increases the utility of each firm to belong to the alliance. But as Arrow (1975) argued in a seminal article vertical integration might also be motivated by a desire to acquire information. Therefore network economics motivates not only alliances but also vertical integration. Why cooperation between firms for a common benefit (alliances) is a more efficient form of organization than vertical integration? Both reduce the conflict between proprietary ownership of knowledge and the benefit of the sharing of information. Therefore, it is the diversity of research and technology platform, inducing network economies, that encourages the use of alliances as a preferred organization over vertical integration. On the other hand appropriability and transactions cost problems suggest that arms-length markets are not an alternative efficient organizational solution in the biotechnology industry. The book concentrates on the alternative of vertical integration versus alliances. Some conceptual problems arise in the empirical investigation of Chapter 4. This chapter analyses the relationship between alliance activity of pharmaceutical firms and economic performance. If alliance is the most efficient organizational form in the pharmaceutical industry, one must find a positive correlation between the intensity of collaborative arrangements by pharmaceutical firms and an index of their economic performance. Two are indices of economic performance: total return and price-to-earnings ratio. The collaboration rate of each pharmaceutical firm is defined as the number of collaborative agreements into which a firm entered during a given period. The first test examines whether a correlation exists between collaborative activity and total return over the period from 2000 to 2005. The nine largest US pharmaceutical firms by revenues were considered. In this case the statistical analysis is run on nine observations. The second test examines the relationship between the collaboration rate of each firm and their Price-to-Earnings ratio during the five-year period 2001 to 2005. In this case the statistical analysis is run on 45 observations. The conclusion of the author is that a strong, statistically significant, positive correlation exists between the collaboration rate of large firms and their performance in term of market valuation and total return over the long term. The book is interesting and stimulating. The audience that will benefit most from the book include policy makers, journalists and students beginning the study of the biotechnology Alfredo Del Monte x industry. Probably an effort to eliminate duplications and to give a methodological unity to all chapters will make the reading of the book more easy for such audience. Alfredo Del Monte Prof. of Industrial Organization Department of Economics University of Naples Federico II – Italy [email protected]
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