Storia del lavoro in Italia. Dall’Unità a oggi

277 Pages·2002·3.266 MB·Italian

by  Stefano Musso

StefaMnuos so
Stordieall a voro
inI talia
dall'Uan oigtgài
Marsilio
INDICE
7 Premessa
STORIDAE LLA VORO INI TALIA
Parptrei mLaet. r asformsaezcioolnair i
15 Lavoers oo cietà
15 Dueg rancdaim biamenti
22 Ig rupspoic idaallil 'Uanf imtesà e colo
34 Los lanicnidou stdreiplar lie.m Noo veceenl tafo o rmazione
deplr oletairnidautsot riale
40 Trad ueg uerre
49 Lag rantdrea sformazione
54 L'apogdeeols loac ietà industriale
58 Glia nnsie ttaeno ttat anctoan:fl ietr tios trutturazione industriale
63 Glia nnnio vanqtuae:s tidio antit ualità
71 Lavoerm oo deollrig anizzativi
71 Lei nnovazdieolnsliea c onrdiav oluziinodnues ter ipiar loec essi
dic oncentrazione
7 4S taeto or ganizzdaezgiilonint ee ressi
76 L'organizzaszciioennetd ifiecllaa votraoy:l oreif somrod ismo
84 L'automazfliesosnieb ile
88 Ta yloriesm meos tioepreer auinoad: i scussione
93 Organizzazdieolnplera o duzieor neel aziinodnuis triali
Parsteec onMdoan.do op eramioov,i mesnitnod acale,
istituzioni
101D alflniae d ell'Ottaolcle'gneittooàl ittiana
10l Ilm onddo ella vonreol plrai mian dustrializzazione
112L an ascdietlaol reg anizzazioni operaie
5
INDICE
119I l avoradteolrtliea r ra
123L ef ederazniaozniio dniai lnid usetl raCi oan federagzeinoenrea le
della voro
128L el otdteell a vonreopl r imNoo vecento
132C onfliitntdou steri isatliet uiznei togàni io littiana
137L a prgiumear ra moen dfilia aslcei smo
137L 'incubadterclio crep oratilvagi rsamnogd:ue e rra
140Il b iennrioos so
145I fla llimdeenltmloea d iazidoengeil nit eressi
152C ultudreell a voarc oo nfronto
157L ac ontrattcaozliloentseto itilvtfao a scismo
175L a secondam ognudeiralrlaRae e ,s isteel naRz iac ostruzione
175L ar iprdeesmlao vimendteog slcii opeel raRi e sistenza
183L ar icostrudzesilio nned aceal taco o ntraesstpaetar iuenniztaa ria
188L et ensidoendlio poguerra
190A gitazcioonntia deil noets tien danceallcliae m pagne
199L ottoep eraeci een tralciosnmtor attuale
209G lain ncii nquaen mtilia r aceocloon omico
209R azionalizez« aszuipoenres fruttamento»
214U nas trataelgtiearn atsiavlaae:rp iroo duttività
215I flo rdidsimsop iegato
222L ar iprdeeslal 'iniszinidaatciaDvlaaelc . e ntralismo
allcao ntrattaarztiiocnoel ata
229D alla confliptetrumaalnieatnllàtpa ea rtecipazione
229L as tagidoencleo nflitto, d1a9ll6a'9la lu'tauunt1nu9on8 n0o
245D allcao ntrattraizvieonndei cactoinvtar aatltlgaaez sitoinoen ale
248L ap artecipazione
251L afl essibidleillta àv oro
255R iefrimebnitbil iografici
6
PREMESSA
Las celtcao ndteeien d uetgial mib iptrio blemdaaat ffircoin tare
inu nas toria dseillna tveoitrdinouc sa trnioanèln eéo vvniéa facile,
ec orirlre i scdhiai pop iarraer bitIrnaI rtiaanl.oi nha a trovato una
traduzili toenrem iinneg llaebsoe uhri stcohryeh, au ns ignificato
comprenpsoiivcoah,llé u dseia aim ovimepnotlii stiiaacla ilr ealtà
sociNaellne o.s tpraeos èe invla'ludssioeo s presdsiivoenris e: la più
diffuèss ai cura«mesnttodere imlao vimeonpteor a(iavo o»l ctoen
l'este«ness oicoinae)l m,ia ss tiap »arèl aatnoc dhei« stodreillcaal as­
seo peradiia« »s,t osroicai daelllece l assusbia ltee,mrn een»o fr e­
quentemeep nitrùee centedmie« nstteod,re illaa vorLoad» i.v ersità
delelsep ressinoonnri i s(pcahiremlm o inad aon glosadsosvoaenl e­,
cunaiu tohrain npor efteoir,nri ifeernitamoic ambiamsetnrturita tlui
eo rganizlz'aetesispvsrii,lob anoeu prr ocreismsda)ana gliin dirizzi
chseis onsou cceedc uotnif traotininu ,n a prodsutzroiioonger afica
ches,a lrvaoar nit esihganp arneias,vov iinIo talinae sle conddoop o­
guererc ah,de a lsltao dreilal 'umletzizsmoeo c oèls ot aptrao fonda­
mentien fluenzata.
Sit raitntfaad tiut nsi e ttdoisr teu pdiidù i a ltsroit topaol'slitno­
fluendzeal cloen giunstoucireaep l oil itdiecpiha ear,d igctnuil turali
prevalennetidi i vepresrii oddeiip, r obldeemlpi r eseen dteel le
aspettitvpaeei rfl u truod,e cii cdleilc loan flittuead leplir toàt agoni­
smoo perapiiodù;i a ltpreir cghliié n terege lssisof ir zdiir icerca in
quesctaom psoo nsot aftorit emeinntfel uednazlalt'ii mppoelgintoi ­
coi,m plioce istpol idceigtsloti,u didoasllilo,ars oe nsivbeirllsieot à
sortig rduepsipo ic isaulbliat erUnniac. a ratteqruiesstctihache,aa ,
datroi suplotsaviti-ti pi ercsheén pzaas sicoinvneio lne f sas it o-ria
7
PREMESSA
ec hael contheapm rpood oatt troa,et s tpie cialnmeeganlntined i i
maggicoornefli ttusaolciitacàlo enl,cu sisoengin adtase t ereotipi
ideologici.
Lal baouhri stinoI ryta èls itaa ta spesisnfo o,r mvseae rpdipieu ,r
ispiramziilointeeah naat tet ravaelrcsuanteno o fnsa espia rraibgiil­i
damennteetl e mpmoa,a lmeinnpo a rtseo vrapepc oosmtper esenti,
nesle ncshole a' fefrmarnsuio vdii inndoinh rasi ozpzpii aqnutealt­o
lpir ecedUennp triim.om omention,fl uendzaalteloa' liidsstmoor ici­
stcah ael imenutna'viam posettaizcioo-npeho alp irtoidcolata,tv oo ­
rii ncensturlaslttoiu ddiepole nsideergior a nddiir igenmtais,s id­ei
mip rotagdoinp iatsritetis i i ndacati.q uSepsletasivs olor',ii ,ni tne n­
toè s taqtuoe ldlio andare al«lfialr ior sidsceiel»rtl creaa ddiezii oni
militead netlvili ec ecnhdaeev evapnoor taaltaloffe' rmaziooa nlel o
smarrimdeenl«tlloai ngeiau sNteas »o.nv oe nuti cosnuptler ni­buti
siedreoli e adees ru,ls lter ateegsiisesi p diair maptoer,t paenlrtar i i ­
cosutzriodneelc luel tsuirned aecp aollii tcihcheha en nion fluenzato
la'ziodneelo lreg anizzazioni.
In unas econfdaass eo,t lt'oi nfldueelnlzaa ssotcoirdaliiea
ascendaenngzlao sassosnosont eap,tr iei snci o nsideriga ruzpipoin e
socieal lei ldoetlita ev oraitnuo nrapi r,o spe«tdtabilav sas noe»g:l i
annsie ttasnutlal,' doenldmlaoe bi litaiznai totnsoio, n doi ventati
oggeptrtiov ildeisg tiuadtirio ao p ptotirr baa seev ertiinuc ni',o ttica
prevalentiedmeeonltotege isac asa o ttollians epaornet aen leai tà
conflittdueallliat oàcp learsiasncie oa n trappoaslmi ozdieornaet ismo
dedii rnitgQieu.e sltaiv opruir, pesandtaetmqaeutnaitn eat locl oen ­
clusicoonni ,l ae nlfoasrsuoil« lcamo posizidoenlcell»aa ospseer aia
es ulflaab brciocmale u ogpor ivildeicg oiasttor udzeirioa npep orti
socidaipl rio duzeid oelnle' idoepnetrihataiàna np oo rtuattiol i con­
tribaultrliia c ostruzicoonnef igduerldalezelmi laoann oid opienr­a
dustrdiealllee, relaalvtooàrp oed reeald i eoci o mportanmeelnltei
faaslidt ie conflittualità.
Successivaap maerntdtiaerg,el i annqiu aontldtasoa c notnaf,i tta
demlo vimednetdloe cenpnrieoc edheasn ptoes ticale tnot dr'oi nda­
gindeaf ia ttdoe'rlial scdeesplar otagoonpiesrmaaoli slopa i egazione
derlif lussisèa o ff,e rmautnoa ppromcectiood ologipciaaùmv e­nte
vertito e criticoe,l emcehdneiat niha al iisnit arsnootdcroiota­tloe e
polognieclasl tou ddieoci o mportadmeein tgir ulpapvio rdait ori,
orcao nsidneerlalltoeira or ticolazioniem iccormoucnoimtuanrii­e
tarsipeo,s tainlcd eon tdreol l'attdealnlczaoi nofnlei tatlualaacl ­ità
quiescdeanlzslate,r atceoglilee at qtuievlefl aem iliadriiv/iidnuali,
8
PREMESSA
dagir anedvie netrio dieclisl tao dreimlao vimeonpteor aallivaoi ta
quotiddiaallnfaaa ,b brailclraee tdiir elazsioocniQiau lie.s t'ultima
impostazcioonnitebr uhiaaft or on icrhei adivl ie ttduerllaa comples­
sitpàro prsiiada e lcloel locaszoicoiena pilr io feaslsciih oedn elle
idenitni ttcàau clioi l locsairz iisopneic cnhoinacndhoeé,l m loed ali­
tàs econldeqo u alleii d entsipteàsm,su ol tiqpulaen ndoonc ontrad­
dittorie, siunlflpleuari cseczodineoogni leni t erdeaps asridt ies in­
golegi r uppi.
Inq uessttae ssa sutlaotgniieim,na o lntornpe o,c shtio rhiancnio
ampliila otrioon terdeaslssltiao sroicai daelmleo ndoop erianicoe n­
trastuall a fabbsrtiocdraei laal l'liane dd uesltlr'iiami pnqr ueessat;o
approsciic nicor oclibaaonuhorist oeryb usihniesryst:slo as todrieal
lavodreoml,o vimeonpteor adieol,l 'inedd uesltlr'iiacm opsrteistau i­
scoanlot rettatsasndetiuli nl m io saicchoe snaorne cbobmep lient o
assedniuz nada e ltlees sIelmr oes.a ivcaol,e aic le dnitrdreeo ll 'inte­
resèsi el, divensiorcei iedntedàlu lsati rcli oanlfei,g uradris­i delle
stinzdiico lnaisi cs oen,f el imtloetd ia ldietlmàle ad iazliedo innea,­
miche scouclitalueirp ,ao llii tcihctehr ea ggoorniog dianlaelt 'tività
produtet diavriaa ppodrilt aiv oer coh,ec ostituili msoctoonroe
prciinpadlemelu tamenstooc iianel tecà o ntemporanea.
Las intpersoip oisnqt uae svtool uumtei llialz uznasg taa gidùin e
stucduiai b biafmaotr tioif emnretor,iun nciaand dios cuitned relta­
taglicoo,m pmoan enidr oinseu ilntu anqt uia dgreon ercalhehe a l a
pretdeies sas earlesl,to a dteolr liec eracthtee,n deid boicluem entato.
Il ridsiac rhbiiot rarisecteàlc tudeaieb, llb ei aamlol upsuoòe, s sere
eviteastpol iclieit natnednoez f ioronnein und op rodotctoom paet to
coereqnutaena tio nleosgsciihc neie c ostituli'dsoicrotInolto. i tolo,
Stodreil/ava orèoi ,ncd aitidviuo n' ottchiecp ar ivileagsissaui i d ue
quali rviiceonsetl rasu tiotdraei slae coelm oe zzdoid ivendierlel a
sociientdàu stirli amluet:a smoecnitcaooln en easlstlora a sformazio­
ned ella volremo o,d alitlàeq ucaoslnièi s volitclo o nflidtiit not e­
reses tiie nvtiad timi ediaerr leog olMaernltor.e viene dedicato spa­
ziaol sltao sroicai ea lcaeai m biamdeenmito die olrlgia nizizr ait­ivi,
freimeanltsliat orimao vdieemnit pio listoincloii miatira itcih iami
necesasr aircio stlredu iinraem ichrea pdperlelsee dnetgailnnizt ee ­
reses ipi r ocedsiis sit ituzionaIfl liiozntziea mzaitaoifnrcfeoi.n tati
sonloac ondizsioocnideae lviea rieggrautpiipn ci u siia rticloel ano
clalsasvio raitr raipcpiot,rrm taoi n dcoo ntade mionnod oop eraio,
lac omposiezc ioonnsei stenmzaae sdterdlaelniez ed isveetrtsoir i
produttliasvt io,dr eilatl eec noldoeglile',o rgandielzlaz vaozeri oo ne
9
PREMESSA
delplreo fessioopnearlaiient,aà s lceail t'vaoe luzioanses odceilalz'i o­
nismdoe,lo lreg anizzsaiznidoaencp iai liùni g enerdaellloeer ganiz­
zazidoiin nit eriemlso svii,m ednetgosl cii oep eciro in tedneuclto in ­
flittinod ustrlin'aciloen,et l roso c ondtirc ou lture doeple rlaaiveo ro
eim prenditotroiralit,uc oaismlom iinndo i rezdieolnrleea g olazione
delrleel azsiinodnaic ali.
Laf ianliètq àu eldlifa o rnuinrose t rumednit ol avomrao agile
suifcfientesmiesntteem aa cthivico og lriilafe ttseurcieo ntroversi
processtsoirc ihcheia nncoa ratteirllia zvzoear rtoiao p podrilt aiv o­
roe,u nos trumednift orom azieod nire ie frimenpteogr i ovcahnei
intencdoannod uarprper ofondeni umoevnreti ic erIctlhe esè.ts ot a­
toin fatctois traunicthoe icnotned nitviu lgead tiidvaitè ts itcait:a
posctuar nae ll'orgdliin aarregp oemlrei nvtedili l oc ompeln eesls ità
fornilrede e finizdiecoion in ceed tetlicl aet egdoiar niaelu itsiil izzati,
cosdìar endaegreev eoa luet onloaml eat taunrcaah ien one speAr ti.
unap rima ipnca ursitir e i percoirc raomnboi amenti cshter utturali
hanncoo nfigeur riactoon fiig ugrrautpop i islsu occcieadldeier is ei
modeolrlgia nivzisz,ea gtuie seucnoan pdaarc theae ff ronlt'zaai one
delrlaep presednetgialnnitz eer leecs uslit,eul rese o luziisotniit uzio­
nalcih he annion terperc eetractdaoiti on diriizm zuatraem einnt i
attLo'.na alciosnid ostutllau ngpoe riocdoon sednipt ree cilsaa re
reaploer tdaetfiane omenneivi a rpie risotdoir diicc oil,l opciaùr e
esattametnetmepi po nr eiln cmiopmaelnidt ii svdoerllet aail nes or­
gerdee pir oblemil,o rpdoee rlcleazd iapo anredt eeg altit ionrdii vi­
duaelic olletdteilvrliia,c edrics ao luzsipoensifs,ro u tdtiso p inte
contraesc toamnptliem sesdei anzii.o
Poiclhasé c edletciao nteenl uo'ttit iccau sicio o sns ervaann­o,
chein u n'opdeir as isnotnefoso ir,t emiennftleu ednazgaslttieu di
condodtatlailu 'todreev,uo n r ingraziaac mhepinu,tr o naovne ndo
responsianbq iuleislttaàov omrioh ,ao fefrtaoi ueto oc casdiio ni
confrionnv taorr iiec erEclhies:a BbeentetnaAa dtrii,aL naayF ,r an­
coR amelNliac,oT lraa nfaPgileGiria o,r Zguinoi nIlol .i birnoif,n e,
nons arebbes csrtisatettnoogz lasi t imeoi lslio stedgiGn iou seppe
Berta.
lO
STORIAD ELL AVOROI NI TALIA