Storia degli strumenti musicali

489 Pages·1983·18.068 MB·Italian

by  Anthony Baines

Storia
delis trumenti
g
musicali
ac urdaiA nthony Baines
conu ng lossdaertiie or mitneic nici e acustici
Introdturziaondeue,zin oodntiee
FEBO GUIZZI
BiblioUtneicvaer Rsiazzloel i
MILANO 1983
Proprileettàt errairsiear vata
:!) PenguiBono ks
19611,9 661,9 69
.� 3,R izzol iE ditorl\e·,l ilano
1 9 8
Titoloor igindaellel 'opera:
�IUSICA1L1\; STRMt.E.:NTS THROUGH THE AGES
Prima 1
edizigoinguneo: 9 8 J
INTRODUZIONE
Esitsei nI atlilaa'b itude diins cnadalzizarpseirl 'siornge­
red elmloed ec ultaulria :v olctoen p ienag iuisiftaczoine,
ma spescsoon s ostptedoi s nobismcoh,ed vieinec eretzza
quandsoiv uolbeol lraec omem odac icòh eè s oluon fe­
nomneod ia peurrta ed id ivualzginoed iu nt emafn ioa
quemlo mentmoo nooplziaztdoa llspoe icalio smdpioc hi.
Cosìq,u acluon forsmeo setrràf astiddiifo r otnea ll'cuista
diu nl iob srugisl trunmtemi usicial,e agginugendoq u­e
que(ip coh)i altprriee cdentic,h es egnnaou n
stof attao
rsiveigold i eirenstspeer l am atear,li amneteàr lan ascita
diu na ((nuovmao)d)a .
Ebbnee,s ea nchdea vvoe crit orvsasimdoif orntael el
avvsiagiled iu nav ogac ultaulren,o nc redsoae rbbie lca ­
sod id oelrsenep,er chéi nf ondos it artteerbbde ic ontsa­
tarceh eè f niamlentgeiu ntao m aturazinocu nl netop ro­
cessdoi r oevsciamednetloal b'itnued.ii nveternaetlal a
nosrta� ultau mrusicaeldae n torpoolgicaal,a l sotovtalu­
taziones,en ona lln'oirganzpae,ri lfe nomenoc ostiittuo
a
dallo( (tsurmentom usialce)n)el al su obiettaiuvtnaoo ­
mia.I nr eatlàs iamboe nl notain dalliena ftuzaiondii
massae, c redsoip osseas rpmiere non piùu nad lige it­ti
ma mac autas odidsafzinoen elc elebarreu na vvneimen­
toq,u aleè lat arduzoined iq usetolb iro,c hes engas olo
una tappian u nc ammion dir ecurpoed elrt iardcoh en el
nostrpaoe ssei è lagramentea ccumualto neic onfronti
delrliacr ceao rganologica.
Perchdéa vverdoi r itarsdido ev ep arlacrones,di earn­
doq uanto spoièc s oc rintetlno o stor paseeq,u antmoa le
sii snegnnae ic onsetrroviac, q uantroa armentseif sias
l
l'tatenzipoarnlnead,od im usica apr,o podseigtsloti r u­
mentmiu sailci.
Cermteanete ssitoanmop ieec cenziir,foie rbilisio prat­
ttutaogl ist usduiai JJieurticaal ssiec sau' iaJrotreg ana­
rai:m aa nchienq uesctaiss iii natvredtoerp psop esso, al
fondod iu nai dnubbicao mpetean szpeicciauf,n am an­
canadz ip rostpteigveanr aeldei,e spericeonmpzaraet ive,
dic onsapeezvztoaals sonoimcac,h eh ai mpediltaso e di­
metnaizondeiu na menatlài otrganoleo tgaildceaaf ar
penasrceh ei ll imei dtiu nap uerg rergilifeas sioenn­e sci
tiifcai,nc ampcio s«ìti aln)ii)qa uaqJuie dlel11iaf amiglia
devli ioonl dee 'lolrngoan,a tiano sesqou,i oevd voivroeo ­
sov,e rlsaot a rdiioznnea ziloens,ai caos tiotd uaipltr ovin­
ciiaslm.o
È ivnecfeon damenitnasleeg nadmeemina teos dterllia
moderonragn aoglioa( iS achisG ,a lpiinB ,a ingelsi,
Schaefnferl)av isiuoninever lseae s istempaertmiecaaa t,
daq uetla ndtior leatiisovmc ultucrhaebla es atf aa art ­
tribel uai rstaetstsieaon nzceo noistcidviba a s,e leos tes­
sov aloorbei ieovt,it nq uanteov eonc tosttuiitvdoe elslp'e­
rieanm zusicaallpe i,pù er zsiood egSltir adicvoamareli
pifùar gidleefli a utdiic anna.
,
Qualleic ausdieq uetsor itdaor?E pifùac ilec aerlee n
unas erdiiie dn iizc hen onid nciare crotznez qacu ealche
provac aa roid celnloasa tt rardizidoisn tdeui c;e rtmaen­
teh anngoic oataol cufnenio meinimm anclabiii no gni
caehrid ed oléa)nd)ce iedc aatloln eo stmraeg agcnuel ­
«
tuarltir:qa u esitldis i niterepsesgrel a is pemtattie riali
define omensit ordietctia,dt aol ela'slimidoe,,n ecla mpo
speiccidofe lmluas ilcooglie'age,m onoitat ocendteelslcaa
vocalsiutlmàlu as isctuarm entmalase o;ap rttttuaom ,i o
avvoi,hs ap esaltamo a grinaàl dieltla'laIi rtispaeltf teo­
nomeonc oolniaelq eu idin sluaea s clusdiaqo uneepl r o­
cesscoo ncoiistvot,ob riod set rumesnitnalcsehiv é u ole,
mad ecispievrlo an ascdietlalt 'raonpgoilaco,h eh ai m­
pegnagtlioitn ellettouccaildie nnteacllo in frocnotnl oe
realctuàla tludire pia essoit ttoaipl ocs olnoiamloi.s
E ses ip reisncde mdpaolrlt'adinezcai scihveha aa vu­
tol as copedreltlan' ieuvsros trumeensttaelrrein sop ae tto
quellios crnietclta om opd elmluas iccual otccai dentale,
II
nons ip uòc omprenldage erneed seilm load ersncani zae
organioc.la ogDuali tmgoi orvciao rdcahreen, el las tsesa
riceertcnao mulgsoiiccèaos ,oo li nt emrpceie tnich se iè
allarlgo'arztizoo ndteeil nld'agcionned ottrtiaca e tpio ­
polnarepiia eesurio pide,a u ni tnerepsrseaevln etemente
devuootla lc antaodu, n' daeguaattat ennezr iiovtoaal lla
musicsatm reunt:ai lpleir vgiilaoec coradlac taon ptoo­
cc
pola>>dr ealmlaet rriocmniat icdheels lcei efnozlek lori­
cheeu orpehea c omnicaitao cviallaers olcoo nB atr6ek
Braileo iIioantul ,èi p ae druartsoi on qau esdtoop og­uer
ra.
Ineavbiitldeuq nuel 'nacopri mùa grinarlivelo ic ehe
glsit mreunptoip olhaarnina os stuoin nq uestcoo ntesto:
les tesgsread nir accoilstpei draapltos ei tivhiansnmoo
solpoa rizaelnmtteo ccla'tgaoor menctoom,èe a vevnuto
coPnt ireés ,e pmrceo me appoec nodnisuceeegna dz it e­
mic anondiefcloik l lori(sgmiooi cnahfniti if,sel tcea len­
daarliriti,u iar lelsiige,icc o.m)a,ic omoeg geatutoton o­
mo idtine resscsieei nctoi.f
Eppuarmlee nou np reedcenptueò esmsenearteao
vandteoll ao rgoalnogiaitlaain a( snee e ssituen ae) a,d
esscaon teomrpnaeamernitanecf cipaetrlo ' ifnredeinfza
conc uèi s tarteol egnaeltlro'c iahvidoel lec ursiiotmài:
riferailslc'ood piBe ornaa 1n,c noisl ìo ntdaanrlai geod re­
scrietd taillvaco o nsalpzeezveaop sitemoldoiPg riaceat o­
riuos d iM ernsneem,a c ertanmtemee rtieveod lia tte­n
ziodnviies red avli pteurcioocn uaiv olèts et abtoaal tl,a
o dallsauf fciinezac onc usie n e cèa vastoalq oua lche
spaodraic citiaoznioecn orgaifca.
Seè v eriona ftcthie imlpeer ciseil oein cnion grnuzee
docunmtearli'eou,sr ciitnàc usip eos asffodnanaogr o­
mentiimp ornttalia,d siivonltau cronl aq ualli'en coires
tedehsacf ota troi coarlsflonaa t aspierarsi olvperroe­b le
mid ii deinctiaiozfndeim otlist mreuntsie,g naunnl omi i­
tei navilcabpiellrea q ualdiiqt uàe st'qoupeesrtaai,l ­ed
trdiie ftntoian nunllaignlro ande ipner sespgari eos ente,
e fonrosnpee i nameanvtvreet oid taols letssBoo nnanie ,
chce osnisnteleal' peratc uutrluraclonec ueig leis amòi n
1F ilpiopB onnaniG,a binaertmtoon iRocmoa. 1 272.
III
strumae lnutciioe vei s trunmtdeie pla ss(aatcnoo rché
risctuoriict ond ubibaf nodazta)e,sz trumeeunrtoiep de i
exaterouperis,t rumceunltetsi it u rmenptoipa orlsit,ur ­
menti mdueslidlc'aata eers trumeefnmfteiir,s itrumenti
musiciansl ein sstor eeto tgog estotni,og riiocamtut­oli
siaclrici,h mii.a
Quesvtias iaoppnaeer compeer cield epnùiat mep ie o
coerednemtloe d renaot etgigamteodn elrlg'aongoilraoi,­
septtaold leaif inizondees lu coa mpdoii ngdniaee,s ipo­
neo bietticvoammseeu nnate ec espsraermie,aps osiaché
consednift oen diac rrteie crositt iuitvdiiu nsai stematica
aper,tc aaapcdei c opmrendqeurael soigagtsetpior oudt­
tordeis ouneod is itruliaonu nar eter edlia zsioosntia n­
ziacloiins uooim oglhosie,an s zpegnienur nsadi e scri­
zinoee nmueartieva acc uumaltidvia uunni svode irs t­ru
men((tdait >i.>
Dunqiurleli eivcoh lea p ubblaizcnieoi taldiiqa unseat o
lbir(on actooem pokce)tg) i dàa lnlzii'oip)o trrviàe isert
<<
consiinbs utoenp aa rnteepl r ocedsirs aiodac mendtiuo n
<s<nescoo mu>n>oe rgnaogliocnoen lo stpraoe sdeic, ud ia
qualctheemo p qau setpaa rstice om incoi avane delree
prmiea vvisaecg lhiepeo t,gr iào varscih iedazerzela l a
deldlean scihtqeàu setvoou lmettsoe pmpeet ertae d i­
sopisizondeiu nv asptuob iboclq uadnoa pparlvape r mia
voleti ano cacsnieod elnluem oesrseu ccersisezidivnioei .
Iltti oliot anlodi iqa uestlboir soi ic naricdair endere
espclioit quanltu'one dsrtatembernittc aoan vnveiap iù
sommessamednitiletu noe lflroam u«lgal sit rummeun­ti
sicaattlrviae riss oe cio»cl,h see bmrqau avsoil renirv iea r
adu nav isiaonnededo itcae nonv oleirmpseig nare
nelflre'maafzidoiun neva e reap ropprrioaes tptsitvoar i­
ca.I nv erà istèoo l lafa rntuimoanizenn umoesrsia ggi,
affdiatadi vi ersspie lcsiiitca,he e viatlla i obu rnad ecai s
apparnteena z agle ne«rger anadffree sdciio si priaozne
unita»rc ihaes iamaobu iattai i definctaicroeln eo pere
coonrfmasteec oln'dioim atpnod el«lStao rcioaln»a ma­
iucsola.
Ma solloaf romac hseis t otarea ld iesgnoor ganico:
è
nelslsoat anizllba ir on asdcaeu nai mopstazfirootnee-
IV
mentuen itapruinrae l,lv aa rideist tàe i ldei s pirdietio
dievrsaiu tocrhièe,f ondastual mloal deie speridein ze
riecrcaac cmuualtnae llab eneemriotpae rdael laG alipn
Socieatlnylt,'e irdnelolaq uamlaet òul r'isdteeasd seaal l
creazdiiou nnme a naulaeg imlaee asurienstuaels ltoria
degis ltrutmime unsicali.
Ilca rtaetrdeif onddoiq uest'coopnessrtiaie n s itnesi
inu no irgniael approonifdmentdoe gira ndiite irrnaid i
sviplpuos tordiegclosi t reunmtmiu sicdaelll'cioc idente
coscìo mfeur ondoe nleiaitnqi ue llac her eslta«a S tor»i a
peerc ecllaei nnqz uesctaom poc,oi èqe u eldliSa a chs
2;
lat raicacc hgeu dial 'parpoonfmdeintèod ulpicdea:u na
parlt'eea ntoztniea if attcio rsutttivail,le es pezreid ein
cultaum raterieat lceen olocgoincdao dtatgail vnie tno,r i
dagliinn ova,t ordfiabaib rnitciian g enedrael,l lt'riaal
cosnttaea,n chsees itnectoir,i efrmienot aJlrei vuozlioni
deglu os,ta llee sigeed nezcio mpsoitaoJrJida,om anddai
nuovpeo issbiàfl oiintcheet imbrcihecs hcea rtiusdcaell a
riecrcianm usidcaal,ls at orsitae sdsae lmluas iFcoar.s e
cinòo nb astear sào dsdafirqeu emiu soiolcgpie irq ulai
l'attesnpzeitostnoael ameanltlMeau siccao,n esriadta
nellsau sat oriceivosltiuinozceqa,u aulneai lcetvraeid ci
ognpia rdtion uvoos tmreuntsoe,c onudnoav ecchsioat ­
tolvtauazioindaeeil sat idceglais pemtattire iadleil lo
strumemnutsoi cead lelelas usat orcoisat rutitginv­oar,a
toit oltmaenets ubodrniatails luper emees eingzdee 'lnIl­
venzicoonmeps oitiMva av.se ifr iiicl ha sioebter à plaer ­
cisniec oonl aq uea,ln ecla pitsoupllio na oofrtseir, a c­
contlaav iecnddael al suai nvenzei doensieu ccievsis
peerzfionntaimg,ei octartiaalc onrtibou ttcenidceo lle
scuoclosetu rttei Jveee sigednigz ueos d telslceu omlu­e
sicaslivi e:d rcào meen atmrbgil ais epttis iavnaoul tati
copna raite tnzieo,nc omeen tmrbais ioac nonesriiadc to­
mep rosceics uulrtacloivn erngtevie rusnor siutlatOop­.
puers ive riifchlaip rofocnodnao nszcdaee glsit ielseic u­
tivfiio,n a le lsfumaet duitr ibmroe di« psess»o dreel
suonqou,a sloelu onm usciisctoasn umatpou òa verm at-u
2C urt SachTsh,eh istoofmr uys iicnsatlr umeNnewt Yso.r 1k9 40.
(Tri.tS .t:o rdieags ltir ummeunstiic Maillia,1n 9o8 0).
v
ratcoh,ae c cmopaganl 'sepozsiiodneecl a pitdoiMl aoc ­
gilrlaisyvu lie g:qn uiantpaa ratbeb inael,las todriiu an o
strumelnapt roa,t qiuctoaia dniad el ussuoeo, q uanto
importasnitlaea c oinsdeiroanzceh ev ar iseravlaltoa
strumeinnft unozo ineè,d as empurned ogmdael l'orga­
noolgiam,a q uanvtoel stipe u òd riec heq uesatsip etti
siano isngtdaaattciio antl ertatntfaam ialrtiiàA? propo­
siod telqlueia tlsàt ordiicq huee slbtiroo m,ip areec cessi­
val ac ritcihcea grliivt oadfl auO skaErlc sheki qlu a­
3,
lei nu ns usoc ridtet1lo9 7r7i tesnanceir ciafitlro u olo
chied uec apiidt ioW lachsmna ndei B aiens( irspveat­ti
mentieIle di l rIiXt)ia agnalogi ls trumdeenltmliua s ai c
popoleader tein ac,i nq uanitneo s ssair edbibf eta tcoo n­
traedtdtlao's sudnetllobi rio nf avodrie utnraaz titoane
ionrgncaiae f ondamaelnmtnetae- storica.
Nessduunb bipou òo vvmieantseu ssriecs itcreal o'p­
potrunidtirà io vlgee irlm asmsoid ia ttzeoinnep ossibile
alevl cienedd el endieirs vtordiiqc uoe ssttire unmtpie,ir
quasliai ffe rm,ao ggpii cùh mea il,'i egsean zdip iuenn o
utiizlzdoe ltlceenc iheed emie todd'idi angidniera ocni­
cae,d ell'aatzitoindveel lef ontpii pùr opria«ms etnotrei ­
che))daq uelilocneo gircahafe q uelleo rmliseiatmiche;
'
alettartntoi ndubèbi icloa reartaetc cessep orroipoe deu­
tioc diq uestdiu ec atpoiilr ispeatltlcoae natlrità che
ne'lelcondoemilpale 'rsoap etatlasl tao dreigasl tir umenti
de'lolrcheosctcriaadl emeno tderLn'ai.im apond tellbi ro
è inaftdtciih iaatmraentbea sastuolc loan vinczhileoa n e
divgualzidoenbeb uait lmepnatret diarlec lnoed uic on­o
sceend zfiufsrei nvieelnn ielblac ulatm uerdidaic hpio s­
sideeu nag eenrifcmaai liitacàro n mlusai cpae,ra l­lar
gasrii nu nad esiczrnieod ettagel diocauteman tadteal
quaod priùa mipod eple rcosrtsoor ciocpmoi ou dtagli
strumednit isc ihu aiu n'esperdiieertntdzaaa« rfutio))r.i
,
E ienvitacbhieql uese tiam postazcioonndeua cdua n a
prnounctair aaraezfiodneeflu l ssdoi oirnmfazie aondi
una lraetas iovmmiateràn ellloard oi samqiunaan,pt ioù
3 OskaErl scheHki,s otriscQhuee llteynpedne rI nstrnutmeenkunde
••
un diihen eann geemssenqeune elnlkritisMcehtehno d•e•i nnS tudia in­
strumentmoursuimcp aoep ulVaIr,i .1r97,7 .
VI