Stock Identification of Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) Using Trace Elements in Otoliths

8 Pages·0.674 MB·English

by  Sohn D., Kang S., Kim S.

Journal of Oceanography, Vol. 61, pp. 305 to 312, 2005
Stock Identification of Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus
keta) Using Trace Elements in Otoliths
DONGWHA SOHN1, SUKYUNG KANG2,3 and SUAM KIM1*
1Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea
2Department of Marine Science, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
3National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-902, Korea
(Received 31 January 2004; in revised form 11 June 2004; accepted 11 June 2004)
The relationship between trace elements in chum salmon otoliths and in their rearing Keywords:
water was investigated to develop ways to distinguish chum salmon stocks in Korea. ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅Chum salmon,
Rearing water and otoliths of hatchery-reared chum salmon fry were collected from ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅otolith,
three major hatcheries (Yangyang, Samchuk, and Uljin) on the east coast of Korea in ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅trace element,
⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅chemical composi-
spring 2001 and 2002. Trace elements in the otoliths and rearing water were analyzed
tion,
using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) at the Korea Basic
⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅stock identifica-
Science Institute. The chemical composition of rearing water and otoliths of the salmon
tion.
fry at specific sites did not vary significantly through the study period. The ratios of
some trace elements to Ca in rearing water, such as Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca, was clearly
reflected in the chemical composition of otoliths, although the absolute concentra-
tions were different. These two elements may be useful in distinguishing between
salmon hatcheries, which have different chemical environments. Discriminant analy-
sis with the ratios of eight elements to Ca (Na/Ca, Mg/Ca, Al/Ca, Cu/Ca, Sr/Ca, Ba/
Ca, Mn/Ca, and Zn/Ca) revealed a distinct separation of natal area in stocks. The
analysis of otolith chemistry may be an effective technique for identifying the origins
of wild salmon caught at sea.
1. Introduction The distribution and migration paths of salmon have
There are seven species of salmon (chum, sockeye, not been clearly understood because little is known about
pink, chinook, coho, masu, and steelhead) in the North the salmon’s life at sea. It is generally accepted that chum
Pacific Ocean, all of which are anadromous and return to salmon released from the Asian continent distribute more
their natal waters to spawn (Groot and Margolis, 1991). widely in the ocean than do those from North America.
Japan began a salmon enhancement program in 1878, and Young salmon released from Korean streams reside in
most Pacific Rim countries have maintained enhancement estuarine and coastal areas in the spring and might move
programs throughout the 20th century. In Korea, an arti- to the Sea of Okhotsk along the North Korean, Russian,
ficial propagation program for chum salmon began in and Japanese coasts during the spring and summer. As
1913 on the northeastern coast. There was not much arti- they mature, they move to the western North Pacific and
ficial propagation of chum salmon in South Korea until the Bering Sea. After spending some years in the Bering
the Yangyang hatchery opened in the mid-1980s (Seong, Sea or the North Pacific Ocean, they migrate to their na-
1999). Three major hatcheries (Yangyang, Samchuk and tal streams to spawn in the autumn when they are three to
Uljin) currently carry out artificial fertilization activity five years old (Jung et al., 2003; Fig. 1).
in the autumn and release chum salmon fry into 18 adja- Stocks or populations are fundamental units for man-
cent streams on the east coast of the Korean Peninsula aging fisheries resources. Each stock, in which individu-
during the early spring. About 220 million fry were re- als share the same habitat or distribution, is part of the
leased from these hatcheries between 1985 and 2002. same gene pool through sexual reproduction of interbreed-
ing individuals within the population. There are many
methods of identifying stocks, including mark and recap-
ture, analysis of catch data, and comparison of life his-
* Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
tory characteristics, parasites, genetic analysis, morphol-
Copyright © The Oceanographic Society of Japan. ogy and otolith microchemistry (Begg and Waldman,
305
emental fingerprints (Campana et al., 1995; Thorrold et
al., 1997, 1998; Thresher, 1999; Patterson et al., 1999;
Gillanders and Kingsford, 2000; Campana and Thorrold,
2001; Rooker et al., 2002) because they accumulate ele-
ments from habitats throughout the fish’s life (i.e., the
first part of the otolith to be formed would reflect the
natal habitat and the most recently formed part of the oto-
lith would reflect the most recent habitat of the fish).
We examined the chemical composition of salmon
otoliths and of rearing water from three hatcheries in
South Korea (Yangyang, Samchuk, and Uljin). Based on
Fig. 1. Three plausible migration pathways of released chum
the relationship between the chemical compositions of
salmon from Korea to the North Pacific Ocean (Jung et al.,
2003). salmon otoliths and of rearing water, we tried to develop
a way to distinguish salmon stocks, assuming that there
was no alteration of otolith chemistry after formation.
2. Materials and Methods
In the spring of 2001 and 2002, a total of 26 and 849
salmon fry respectively were collected from the three
major hatcheries along the eastern coast of the Korean
Peninsula (Fig. 2). Fry were brought to the laboratory,
and fork length and body weight were measured (Table
1). The sagittal otoliths were extracted, rinsed in distilled
water, cleaned for 10 min in an ultrasonicator, and dried.
Because of their small size, 20–40 otoliths were
composited for chemical analysis as one specimen in or-
der to reduce variability and to obtain high enough con-
Fig. 2. The location of three major hatcheries of chum salmon centrations of elements to be detected by the analytical
in Korea (Yangyang, Samchuk, and Uljin). The rearing water
instrument. Water samples were also collected from the
and otoliths of hatchery-reared chum salmon fry were col-
hatcheries in spring 2001 and 2002 (Table 1). Water was
lected from these hatcheries in the spring of 2001 and 2002. filtered through a 0.45 µm membrane filter using a
vacuum pump, and 0.5 ml of nitric acid was added to each
100 ml aliquot of filtered water.
1999). Recently, interest in otolith microchemistry for At least nine elements (Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Cu, Sr, Ba,
stock separation has increased because the analytical ca- Mn, and Zn) in both otoliths and rearing water were mea-
pability of instruments has improved the precision and sured using inductively coupled plasma mass
accuracy of measurements. For example, before the 1980s spectrometry (ICP-MS; X7 model, Thermo Elevertcal
only six papers on otolith microchemistry had been pub- Ltd.) at the Korea Basic Science Institute. Filtered and
lished, but the number of publications in this field in- acidified water samples were directly nebulized into the
creased rapidly in the 1990s (Campana and Thorrold, instrument using a standard pneumatic nebulization sys-
2001). The inner ear of teleost fish contains three pairs of tem. Preparation of a standard solution for external cali-
otoliths (earstones): the sagittae, lapilli and asterisci. Most bration was done using the EPA Method 5010. The signal
scientists use sagittae for analysis of otolith elements drift and matrix effects were corrected using internal
because they are the largest of the otoliths. Fish otoliths standards of 103Rh and 205Tl 10 ng/ml solution. Weighed
have a role in balancing and hearing, and grow through- otolith samples were transferred into teflon vials and dis-
out the entire life span of the fish. Fish otoliths consist of solved with several drops of purified concentrated nitric
~96% calcium carbonate (CaCO ), 3% protein complex, acid. The solution was diluted with Milli-Q water (18.2
3
and ~1% minor and trace elements, including radioiso- M ohm) on a balance to an appropriate mass (~3 g). Dis-
topes and stable isotopes (Campana, 1999). The chemi- solved metals in rearing water were analyzed using the
cal composition of otoliths does not change after forma- same methods. The concentration of all elements was
tion (Campana and Neilson, 1985); therefore, many re- normalized by the calcium concentration, and the mean
searchers believe the chemical composition of fish otoliths value and standard deviation at each site was calculated.
can describe stock structure and migration routes and have Using the equation W = aLb, where W is body weight
potential as environmental indicators, natural tags, or el- and L is fork length, we established a relationship be-
306 D. Sohn et al.
Table 1. Description of samples collected from three study areas on the east coast of the Korean Peninsula during (a) spring 2001
and (b) spring 2002.
(a)
Study area Sampling date Sample size Fork length Body weight Otolith length
(cm) (g) (µm)
Yangyang Hatchery
Otolith 2001 March 5 6.1 ± 0.4 1.3 ± 0.1 —
Water 2001 June 3
Samchuk Hatchery
Otolith 2001 March 8 5.7 ± 0.3 1.3 ± 0.3 —
Water 2001 June 2
Uljin Hatchery
Otolith 2001 March 13 8.2 ± 0.8 3.9 ± 1.2 —
Water 2001 June 2
(b) Study area Sampling date Sample size Fork length Body weight Otolith length
(cm) (g) (µm)
Yangyang Hatchery
Otolith 2002 March 280 4.3 ± 0.3 1.0 ± 0.2 8.5 ± 0.4
Water 2002 March 2
Samchuk Hatchery
Otolith 2002 March 266 5.5 ± 0.3 2.2 ± 0.3 9.9 ± 0.7
Water 2002 March 3
Uljin Hatchery
Otolith 2002 March 303 7.7 ± 0.7 5.3 ± 1.3 13.1 ± 1.1
Water 2002 March 2
tween fork length and body weight from samples collected
in March 2002. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was
: W=0.009L3.20
used to assess geographical differences in salmon fry : W=0.024L2.63
growth. The mean values of element concentrations in : W=0.026L2.60
the otoliths and water were compared among the three
study sites. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to
assess geographical differences in otolith elemental con-
centrations. Discriminant analysis was used to place
salmon into groups based on the ratios of eight elements
to calcium. All statistical analyses were carried out using
the STATISTICA program.
3. Results Fig. 3. The relationship between fork length and body weight
There was a large difference in growth rate among of chum salmon fry collected from the three study areas in
the hatcheries, even though salmon fry from all of the March 2002.
hatcheries were similar in age. Fry from the southernmost
location, Uljin, were the biggest and those from the north-
ernmost, Yangyang, were the smallest. The means and between fork length and body weight of chum salmon fry
standard deviations (SDs) of fry fork lengths collected in were W = 0.026L2.60, W = 0.024L2.63, and W = 0.009L3.20
the spring of 2002 were 4.3 ± 0.3, 5.5 ± 0.3, and 7.6 ± 0.7 for Yangyang, Samchuk, and Uljin, respectively (Fig. 3).
cm for Yangyang, Samchuk, and Uljin, respectively. The The length and weight data were log transformed and
means and SDs of body weight were 1.0 ± 0.2, 2.2 ± 0.3, analyzed using ANCOVA. The null hypothesis of the test
and 5.3 ± 1.3 g (Table 1), and the means and SDs of the was that the slopes of the lines are the same in all the
length of the longitudinal axis of otoliths were 8.5 ± 0.4, groups. ANCOVA analysis revealed geographically dif-
9.9 ± 0.7, and 13.1 ± 1.1, respectively. The relationships ferent growth patterns, with significant relationships be-
Salmon Stock Identification Using Trace Elements in Otoliths 307
Table 2. Results of the ANCOVA for the relationship between fork length and body weight of chum salmon fry in the three study
areas.
Source DF MS F p
Fork length 1 11.34 5700.211 0.0000
Sampling areas 2 0.174 87.533 0.0001
Error 843 1.985E-03
Total 847
Table 3. Molar ratios between elements and Ca in the otoliths of chum salmon fry collected on March 2001.
Study area Na/Ca Mg/Ca Al/Ca Mn/Ca Cu/Ca Zn/Ca Sr/Ca Ba/Ca
mmol/mol mmol/mol µmol/mol µmol/mol µmol/mol µmol/mol µmol/mol µmol/mol
Yangyang 13.87 2.79 385.77 7.74 7.45 247.07 1535.86 9.64
Samchuk 13.02 2.81 24.60 1.82 2.76 82.38 172.97 0.73
Uljin 14.55 1.29 124.24 8.62 5.92 256.36 830.30 3.63
Table 4. Ratios of eight elements to Ca in the rearing water of salmon fry collected from the east coast of Korea in June 2001.
2001 June Na/Ca Mg/Ca Mn/Ca Sr/Ca Ba/Ca Cu/Ca Zn/Ca Al/Ca
Rearing water mmol/mol mmol/mol µmol/mol µmol/mol µmol/mol µmol/mol µmol/mol µmol/mol
Yangyang 2784.1 415.4 394.1 4821.4 575.2 574.2 1212.3 3164.7
2741.1 414.0 376.6 5120.5 554.6 267.5 2312.6 2573.7
2713.1 417.8 378.8 5114.1 561.9 306.4 2421.7 3613.1
Mean 2746.4 415.7 383.2 5018.7 563.9 382.7 1982.2 3117.1
*SD 35.4 1.9 9.5 668.9 10.4 167.0 668.9 521.3
Samchuk 169.6 103.3 91.7 1247.5 135.1 65.2 563.4 627.0
163.7 102.5 88.9 1200.3 131.9 71.9 568.3 848.0
Mean 166.6 102.9 90.3 1223.9 133.5 68.5 565.9 737.5
SD 4.2 0.6 2.0 33.4 2.3 4.8 3.5 156.2
Uljin 1124.1 350.2 745.6 1911.9 143.0 222.1 2541.2 847.5
770.5 295.7 570.1 1844.5 102.4 172.4 722.3 378.6
Mean 947.3 323.0 657.8 1878.2 122.7 197.3 1631.7 613.0
SD 250.0 38.5 124.1 47.7 28.7 35.1 1286.1 331.6
*SD: Standard deviation.
tween fork length and body weight of chum salmon fry size, we could only get one data point for each element.
in the study areas (F = 87.533, p < 0.0001; Table 2). Us- Elemental concentrations in fry otoliths were generally
ing all of the data collected, the length-weight relation- high from Yangyang fry. Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca, Al/Ca, and Cu/Ca
ship for fry was derived as W = 0.0144L2.90 (r2 = 0.98). ratios were the highest from the Yangyang hatchery and
We believe that temperature differences of rearing water second highest from Uljin. Although Na/Ca, Mn/Ca, and
at the study areas may have resulted in the differences Zn/Ca ratios were highest from the Uljin hatchery, the
among fry lengths. Unfortunately, we could not compare ratios from Yangyang were nearly as high. On the other
temperatures because hatcheries did not keep tempera- hand, the ratios of most elements to Ca, except for Mg/
ture records. Ca, were lowest in Samchuk. The Mg/Ca ratio was the
Elemental signatures indicated that the chemical highest in Samchuk hatchery (Table 3).
composition of fry otoliths were distinctly different in Otolith samples collected in 2002 also showed dif-
the three study areas. In 2001, due to the small sample ferences in chemical composition among geographical
308 D. Sohn et al.
Fig. 4. Mean and standard deviation of the concentration ratios of eight elements to Ca in otoliths of chum salmon fry and in
rearing water collected at the three study areas in March 2002. Vertical bars represent one standard deviation.
groups. Although the absolute concentrations of elements In spring 2001, nine element concentrations in rear-
were not the same as in 2001, there were many similari- ing water were measured (Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Cu, Zn,
ties between two years. Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios were the Sr, and Ba). The ratios of these elements to Ca indicated
highest in Yangyang fry, and Mg/Ca and Na/Ca were high- that most elements in rearing water were in higher con-
est in Samchuk fry. Other elemental ratios (Mn/Ca, Zn/ centrations in Yangyang and Uljin than in Samchuk (Ta-
Ca, Al/Ca, and Cu/Ca) were highest in Uljin fry. ANOVA ble 4). When we compare the ratios in the water with the
was used to assess the difference in elemental composi- ratios from otoliths, regional variation was evident and
tions and significant variation among the study sites was some elements in water were well reflected in otoliths.
found in some elemental signatures (Mg/Ca, Na/Ca, Sr/ Sr/Ca, Mn/Ca, and Cu/Ca ratios were selected as good
Ca, Ba/Ca, and Mn/Ca), while no statistical differences indicator elements because the concentration of these el-
were detected for Zn/Ca, Al/Ca, and Cu/Ca ratios (Fig. ements was in the same order in otoliths and in rearing
4). As found in the 2001 samples, Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios water (Fig. 5). Elemental signatures indicated that the
were significantly higher in otoliths from Yangyang than chemical composition of rearing water collected in March
in those from Samchuk and Uljin (Sr/Ca, F = 9075.5, p < 2002 was also distinctly different with respect to the
0.00001; Ba/Ca, F = 615.65, p < 0.00001). However, Mg/ hatchery locations. In March 2002, all element ratios ex-
Ca and Na/Ca ratios were the highest in Samchuk otoliths cept Mn/Ca and Mg/Ca were highest in Yangyang water
and Mn/Ca, Zn/Ca, Al/Ca, and Cu/Ca ratios were the high- and all element ratios except Ba/Ca and Al/Ca were low-
est in Uljin otoliths. est in Samchuck water. In 2002, Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca, and Mn/
Salmon Stock Identification Using Trace Elements in Otoliths 309
Fig. 6. The first two axes of discriminant analysis using the
concentration ratios of eight elements to Ca in otoliths to
distinguish stock and natal origin of chum salmon fry from
the east coast of Korea.
nant analysis. Discriminant analysis of the ratios of eight
elements to Ca (Na/Ca, Mg/Ca, Al/Ca, Cu/Ca, Sr/Ca, Ba/
Ca, Mn/Ca, and Zn/Ca) showed a distinct separation be-
tween stock natal areas (Fig. 6). The clearest discrimina-
tion was for Yangyang salmon, by the first canonical
variate. The second canonical variate separated Samchuk
and Uljin salmon almost completely.
Fig. 5. Sr/Ca, Mn/Ca, and Cu/Ca ratios in rearing water col-
lected in June 2001 (right panels) and the otoliths of reared 4. Discussion
chum salmon fry collected in March 2001 (left panels). Because of the lack of experimental information, we
were not able to completely explain the relationship be-
tween environmental factors and salmon growth. How-
Ca ratios were in the same concentration orders in otoliths ever, salmon fry of the same age were different in size
and in rearing water (Fig. 4). among the three hatcheries, and the difference may be
Comparing the chemical composition of otoliths in due to temperature differences among the hatcheries be-
chum salmon fry with the chemical composition of their cause the three hatcheries are located at different latitudes.
rearing water demonstrated the power of this analysis for Yangyang is the northernmost, while Uljin is the
separating stocks from different geographic habitats. The southernmost. Peterson et al. (1977) reported that the
data from both years showed that some elemental con- length of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) alevins increased
centrations in otoliths and rearing water varied geographi- as temperature increased. Though information on water
cally. Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios, in particular, showed simi- temperature was not available from the hatcheries, it
lar geographical variation patterns, although their abso- makes intuitive sense that the highest temperature was
lute concentrations were different. For example, Sr/Ca found in the south (i.e., Uljin) and the lowest in the north
ratios of rearing water were highest in Yangyang (4504 (i.e., Yangyang).
µmol/mol) and lowest in Samchuk (515 µmol/mol). Re- Two basic assumptions about the chemistry of
sults from the otolith analysis showed the highest Sr/Ca otoliths were made in this study: that otolith chemistry
ratios at Yangyang (1378 µmol/mol) and the lowest at reflects that of the environment in which they were formed
Samchuk (494 µmol/mol). Sr/Ca ratios in water and and that otolith chemistry is area-specific. Though the
otoliths appeared to have a linear relationship. The Sr/Ca specific environmental factors that affect the microchem-
ratio in otoliths varied depending on the concentration in istry of otoliths is still unknown, this research demon-
water, regardless of locality and timing. This may sug- strated that chemical characteristics of otoliths did vary
gest that element chemistry of otoliths in salmon responds among habitats. In addition to the effect of the environ-
to the chemistry of the salmon’s rearing water. ment in which they are formed, it has been shown that
The multivariate classification of elemental concen- the microchemical composition of otoliths is influenced
trations was reduced to two dimensions using discrimi- by physiological processes (Brown and Harris, 1995;
310 D. Sohn et al.
Table 5. Ratios of eight elements to Ca in the rearing water of salmon fry collected from the east coast of Korea in March 2002.
2002 March Na/Ca Mg/Ca Mn/Ca Sr/Ca Ba/Ca Cu/Ca Zn/Ca Al/Ca
Rearing water mmol/mol mmol/mol µmol/mol µmol/mol µmol/mol µmol/mol µmol/mol µmol/mol
Yangyang 1182.4 273.7 178.2 4478.4 547.5 80.1 260.0 801.6
1140.0 275. 9 167.5 4530.2 557.9 55.6 124.4 625.3
Mean 1161.2 274.8 172.8 4504.3 552.7 67.9 192.2 713.4
*SD 30.0 1.6 7.5 36.6 7.3 17.3 95.8 124.6
Samchuk 166.9 99.1 16.6 510.5 33.4 30.5 1033.9 112.4
154.1 99.4 11.4 513.3 29.1 21.1 301.4 72.8
160.5 99.4 14.9 522.2 29.4 22.7 436.8 119.6
Mean 160.5 99.3 14.3 515.4 30.6 24.8 590.7 101.6
SD 6.4 0.2 2.7 6.1 2.4 5.0 389.7 25.2
Uljin 957.0 310.9 3019.3 1835.8 134.8 43.7 176.7 217.3
920.6 307.7 2956.0 1828.2 130.2 30.7 67.5 110.7
Mean 938.8 309.3 2987.7 1832.0 132.5 37.2 122.1 164.0
SD 25.7 2.3 44.8 5.3 3.3 9.2 77.2 75.4
*SD: Standard deviation.
Schroder et al., 1995), water temperature (Townsend et characteristics. For instance, the values of oxygen (δ18O),
al., 1995), diet (Limburg, 1995; Gallahar and Kingsford, carbon (δ13C), and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes from
1996), age and stress (Kalish, 1989). foraminifera fossils and fish otoliths have been measured
If the elemental concentrations in streams stay con- to distinguish habitat temperature, paleoclimatic data
stant over a long enough time interval, otolith micro- (Grossman and Ku, 1986), ecological positions of fish
chemistry can help in identifying different natal areas. (Sugisaki and Tsuda, 1995), life cycle characteristics (Gao
Our results showed that the chemical composition of rear- and Beamish, 1999) and age (Campana and Jones, 1998).
ing water was distinctly different among the three hatch- Both isotopes and REEs are multi-use proxies that can be
eries. Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios in otoliths and rearing wa- used to identify different stocks and trace the relation-
ters were stable for two years, and Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ra- ship of otoliths with physical characteristics of the envi-
tios in rearing water seemed to be especially well reflected ronment, such as salinity and temperature.
in the otoliths of salmon fry. Therefore, we could sepa- In this study, after comparing and analyzing the
rate stocks of chum salmon fry from the three study areas microchemistry of salmon otoliths, we found that the
based on these ratios in otoliths. Other studies have also chemistry of the ambient water affects the chemical com-
reported that some elements could be used to identify fish position of the otoliths. This is a powerful relationship
stocks or populations among habitats. Limburg (1995) that can be used to separate salmon stocks by hatchery or
described the use of Sr to separate habitat areas that var- natal area. Using this technique to distinguish the origins
ied with climate and geography. Rooker et al. (2001) sepa- of wild-caught salmon at sea will be important in the fu-
rated bluefin tuna stocks into eastern and western nurs- ture because it could help mitigate international conflicts
ery grounds based on Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios in otoliths. over fisheries. The chemical analysis of core portions of
And Patterson et al. (1999) explained geographical dif- adult otoliths may show a pattern of microchemistry simi-
ferences in immature Nassau grouper (Epinephelus lar to fry otoliths from the same origin. More study is
striatus) within a 180 km range using Zn/Ca, Sr/Ca, Ba/ needed to determine the partition coefficients for elemen-
Ca, and Pb/Ca ratios in otoliths. Likewise, our study clas- tal ratios such as Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca in order to clarify the
sified three study areas within 55–140 km of the east coast relationship between rearing water and otoliths.
of Korea using concentrations of several elements. Al-
though the study areas are near each other, the areas do Acknowledgements
vary in the ratios of concentrations of elements such as We would like to express our special thanks to sci-
Na/Ca, Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca, Mg/Ca, and Mn/Ca in rearing wa- entists on the Salmon Research Team of National Fisher-
ter and otoliths. ies Research and Development Institute, Samchuck In-
New techniques using other isotopes and rare earth land Development Station, and Uljin Research Center for
elements (REEs) may help identifying habitat and stock Freshwater Fish for the collection of salmon fry otoliths.
Salmon Stock Identification Using Trace Elements in Otoliths 311
This study was jointly supported by the Ministry of Sci- Kalish, J. M. (1989): Otolith microchemistry: validation of the
ence and Technology (Project: Fluctuations of marine liv- effects of physiology, age and environment on otolith com-
ing resources in response to marine environmental vari- position. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 132, 151–178.
ability) and the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Admin- Limburg, K. E. (1995): Otolith strontium traces environmental
history of subyearling American shad Alosa sapidissima.
istration (NOAA) of the USA (Personal Research con-
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 119, 25–35.
tract: AB133F-02-SE-1331).
Patterson, H. M., S. R. Thorrold and J. M. Shenker (1999):
Analysis of otolith chemistry in Nassau grouper
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