Stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems

376 Pages·2018·21.82 MB·English

by  Amiji

Stimuli-responsive Drug Delivery Systems
Biomaterials Science Series
Editor-in-chief:
Roger Narayan, University of North Carolina and NC State University, USA
Series editors:
Pankaj Vadgama, Queen Mary University of London, UK
Nan Huang, Southwest Jiaotong University, China
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1: Stimuli-responsive Drug Delivery Systems
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Stimuli-responsive Drug
Delivery Systems
Edited by
Amit Singh
AllExcel Inc., USA
Email: [email protected]
and
Mansoor M. Amiji
Northeastern University, USA
Email: [email protected]
Biomaterials Science Series No. 1
Print ISBN: 978-1-78801-113-6
PDF ISBN: 978-1-78801-353-6
EPUB ISBN: 978-1-78801-466-3
Print ISSN: 2397-1401
Electronic ISSN: 2397-141X
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Preface
Advances in material science and nanotechnology have revolutionized sev-
eral fields, but the single and most significant impact has been in the field of
medicine and diagnostics. With a deeper understanding of complex medical
conditions, such as cancer, there is a paradigm shift in treatment approaches
and the current development in the field focuses on patient-centric “person-
alized therapy” instead of the prior concept of a “magic bullet”. Cancer cells
and the tumor microenvironment exhibits diverse cellular, molecular and
physiological features that vary not only with the type of cancer, but also
from patient to patient within the same type of cancer. As the diseases con-
tinue to evolve and adapt to the existing therapeutic options, so have the
efforts to devise novel therapeutic strategies through scientific innovations
to circumvent these challenges. Even though the molecular fingerprint of
diseases such as cancer remains unique from patient to patient, the physio-
logical microenvironment of the disease in general exhibit similarities in
properties. Therefore, the past decade has seen efforts to exploit the subtle
differences in the physiological profile of the diseases and develop materials
that are sensitive to these triggers. This book specifically focuses on the devel-
opment of such smart drug delivery options, based on the sound knowledge
of disease profile and precision in engineering of materials to achieve the
desired physico-chemical properties.
In the book Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems, the first chapter lays
down the ground rules for the need for smart stimuli-responsive materials for
drug and gene delivery and introduces the fundamental concepts involved in
the design of such materials. The chapter is aims to educate the reader about
the basic physiological differences at a disease site, as well as the essential
concepts involved in designing vectors for delivery of chemical drugs, as well
as complex biological therapeutic molecules such as DNA, RNA and protein.

Biomaterials Science Series No. 1
Stimuli-responsive Drug Delivery Systems
Edited by Amit Singh and Mansoor M. Amiji
© The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
v
vi Preface
This chapter is followed by a detailed account of the chemical manipulations
that are popularly used for designing smart materials. The second chapter
discusses the choice of materials available for drug delivery and the chemical
modifications that impart the triggered release property to the materials.
Building on the backbone of the first two chapters, chapters 3 to 12 discuss
different classes of stimuli-responsive materials that have been developed
for drug delivery applications. These chapters provide an in-depth assess-
ment of the state-of-the-art materials that have been studied for triggered
release of material in different categories with adequate detailed examples
from preclinical or clinical settings. The focus of these chapters has been
to provide a comprehensive knowledge about the respective fields through
the developments made in the past decade. Readers will therefore find an
updated information pool on the subject matter consolidated by the experts
in the field, which is otherwise scattered into numerous individual scientific
reports. Chapter 13 of the book is dedicated specifically for the discussion of
devices that show stimuli-responsiveness and have potential application in
drug delivery.
The final chapter of the book introduces the regulatory perspective on
the challenges in development of these materials. Any material designed for
therapeutic use in humans has to undergo very stringent selection criteria for
safety and efficacy and regulatory agencies across the globe have guidelines
that have to be met before an experiment material becomes a “drug”. This
chapter outlines some major impediments that are encountered along the
way of drug development involving smart materials. This chapter is unique
to this book and is an aspect of drug development that is seldom discussed
in other books on similar themes. This chapter is an attempt to make the
readers aware of the problems and pitfalls that often leads to an unsuccess-
ful story of an otherwise promising “drug candidate”.
We hope that the book Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems will pro-
vide the reader with a flavor of the subject matter and incite a deeper interest
in the multidisciplinary and highly active research field of nanomedicine,
nanotechnology and advanced drug delivery systems. This book is a prod-
uct of the shared enthusiasm of the publishers, editors and the authors that
there is a need for a consolidated material on the topic of stimuli-responsive
materials and we hope that the book will serve as a valuable resource to the
interested scientific community.
Amit Singh
West Haven, Connecticut, USA
Mansoor M. Amiji
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Dedication
I dedicate this book to my family - my parents, sisters and brother. I would
also dedicate this book to my friends and colleagues for their support and
encouragement through the years.
Amit Singh
I dedicate this book to my family - my lovely wife and our three wonderful
daughters. I also dedicate this book to my past and present postdoctoral
associates and graduate students, who have made tremendous contributions
to the research success of my group.
Mansoor M. Amiji

Biomaterials Science Series No. 1
Stimuli-responsive Drug Delivery Systems
Edited by Amit Singh and Mansoor M. Amiji
© The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
vii

Contents
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Stimuli-responsive Drug
and Gene Delivery Systems 1
Vladimir P. Torchilin
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 pH-Sensitive DDS 3
1.3 Redox Potential-sensitive DDS 5
1.4 Enzyme-sensitive DDS 7
1.5 Thermo-sensitive DDS 9
1.6 Magnetically-sensitive DDS 11
1.7 Ultrasound-sensitive DDS 12
1.8 Light-sensitive DDS 13
1.9 Stimuli-sensitive DDS for Combination
Therapy: Case of Cancer 18
1.10 Concluding Remarks 18
References 24
Chapter 2 Materials and Chemistry of Stimuli-responsive
Drug Delivery Systems 33
Meghana Rawal
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Physical Stimuli 34
2.2.1 Thermoresponsive Materials 34
2.2.2 Photoresponsive Materials 35
2.2.3 Magnetically Responsive Materials 40
2.3 Chemical Stimuli 41
2.3.1 pH Responsive Materials 41

Biomaterials Science Series No. 1
Stimuli-responsive Drug Delivery Systems
Edited by Amit Singh and Mansoor M. Amiji
© The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
ix