Sticking together or falling apart?

247 Pages·2017·2.38 MB·English

www.ssoar.info
Sticking together or falling apart? Solidarity in an
era of individualization and globalization
Beer, Paul de; Koster, Ferry
Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version
Monographie / monograph
Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with:
OAPEN (Open Access Publishing in European Networks)
Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation:
Beer, P. d., & Koster, F. (2009). Sticking together or falling apart? Solidarity in an era of individualization and
globalization. (Solidarity and Identity). Amsterdam: Amsterdam Univ. Press. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-
ssoar-271094
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https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de
y S paul de beer S
y and Identit Paul de Beer is Henri Polak professor of Industrial relations at the olidarity and ferry koster olidarity
darit University of Amsterdam. Ferry Koster is postdoctoral researcher at Iden an
Soli Leiden University. Both are affiliated with the Amsterdam Institute tity d I
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for Advanced Labour Studies (AIAS). e
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Conventional wisdom says that social solidarity in the Western world is t
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crumbling. The trends of individualization and globalization are said
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to erode the willingness of citizens to support each other and to coop- i
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erate for the common good. Sticking Together or Falling Apart: Solidarity g

in an Era of Individualization and Globalization scrutinizes these claims, T
both theoretically and empirically. It focuses on informal solidarity, o
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such as volunteering, charitable giving, and informal care, as well as
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on formal solidarity, such as social benefits and development aid. The
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book examines the theoretical arguments that increasing competition e
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and capital flows between countries and growing selfishness of mod-
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ern citizens hurt social solidarity. Empirically, it is the first thorough r

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study of international comparative data on solidarity, globalization
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and individualization, leading to the conclusion that, overall, solidarity l
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is rising rather than declining. The impact of globalization and indi-
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vidualization is much more ambiguous than is often contended. While g

particular aspects of globalization and individualization might harm A
Sticking Together or
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solidarity, other elements foster solidarity instead.
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aup_debeer_DEF.indd 1 27-07-2009 15:44:28
StickingTogetherorFallingApart?
SOLIDARITY AND IDENTITY
Inthepastdecadesseverallarge-scalesocial,culturalandeconom-
icdevelopmentshaveoccurred.Processesofeconomicrestructur-
ing (de-industrialization) have brought into existence new cate-
gories of unemployed people; the process of individualization is
manifested in increased individual independence, a growing
senseof personal rights,and– possibly– ina growingopposition
between self-interest and civil virtues; the increased world-wide
mobility of people, commodities, services, money and informa-
tion – globalization – has far-reaching consequences for the way
individualcitizensarelivingandexperiencingtheirlives.Contem-
porary society is characterized by cultural and ethnic diversity.
People’ssocialandculturalidentitieshavebecomemorevaried.
What are the consequences of these developments for the way
people form social bonds and experience mutual solidarity in our
society? Is there any empirical support for the widespread idea
that social solidarity is declining? Which social domains – care,
volunteer work, living together in old city quarters, relations be-
tween family members, neighbors, friends, etcetera – are the
most vulnerable for a potential decay of solidarity? What is the
role of familism and within-group solidarity among immigrant
communities? Which new challenges are brought about by the
multiculturalsocietyintermsofnewformsofculturalexpression,
new(group)identities,newalliances,newinstitutions,newforms
of formal and informal support? These and similar questions are
thethemeoftheseriesSolidarityandIdentity.
editors ofthe series
Prof.dr.J.Burgers,FacultyofSocialSciences,ErasmusUniversity
Rotterdam
Prof.J.C.Rath,InstituteforMigrationandEthnicStudiesUniver-
sityofAmsterdam
Sticking Together or
Falling Apart?
Solidarity in an Era of
Individualization and Globalization
Paul de Beer and Ferry Koster
Coverillustration:Party(1986),Oiloncanvas,byTheol’Herminez
Coverdesign:Neon,designandcommunications,SabineMannel
Layout:JAPES,Amsterdam
ISBN 9789089641281
e-ISBN 9789048510528
NUR 759
© Paul de Beer and Ferry Koster / Amsterdam University Press,
Amsterdam2009
Allrightsreserved.Withoutlimitingtherightsundercopyrightreservedabove,no
partofthisbookmaybereproduced,storedinorintroducedintoaretrievalsys-
tem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans(electronic,mechanical,photo-
copying,recordingorotherwise)withoutthewrittenpermissionofboththecopy-
rightownerandtheauthorofthebook.
Table of Contents
1 Individualization,globalizationandsolidarity 9
2 Takingcareofeachother
Trendsinsocialsolidarity 15
2.1 Whatissocialsolidarity? 15
2.1.1 Socialsolidarity,socialcohesionandsocialcapital 16
2.1.2 Attitudesandactsofsolidarity 18
2.1.3 Actsofsolidarity 18
2.1.4 Attitudesofsolidarity 23
2.2 Theactualstateofsocialsolidarity 24
2.3 Trendsinsocialsolidarity 35
2.4 Conclusion 39
3 Altruismorself-interest?
Solidarityandthewelfarestate 41
3.1 Whatisthewelfarestate? 41
3.2 Thesolidarityofthewelfarestate 42
3.3 Whatmotivatesthewelfarestate? 44
3.4 Publicsupportforthewelfarestate 47
3.5 Thewelfarestateasasourceofsolidarity 49
3.6 Conclusion 50
4 Fallingapart?
Themanymeaningsofindividualization 53
4.1 Whatisindividualization? 54
4.2 Methodology:howtotestforindividualization? 57
4.3 Isthereaprocessofindividualizationgoingon? 59
4.4 Conclusion 63
AppendixtoChapter4 66
5 Independentyetsolidary
Theimpactofindividualizationonsolidarity 71
5.1 Sociologicaltheoryandtherelationshipbetween
individualizationandsolidarity 73
5.1.1 Mechanismsofsolidarity 73
5
5.1.2 Howdoesindividualizationaffectsolidarity? 79
5.2 Methodanddata 83
5.3 Therelationshipbetweenindividualizationandsolidarity
atthecountrylevel 86
5.4 Therelationshipbetweenindividualizationandsolidarity
attheindividualandthecountrylevels 89
5.5 Conclusions 91
AppendixtoChapter5 94
6 Aborderlessworld?
Developmentsinglobalization,1970-2005 101
6.1 Whatisglobalization? 102
6.1.1 Adefinitionofglobalization 105
6.1.2 Explanationsofglobalization 108
6.2 Measuringtheopennessofcountries 114
6.2.1 Developmentsinglobalization 116
6.2.2 Thetenmostopencountries 118
6.3 Conclusions 121
7 Threatsandopportunities
Theimpactofglobalizationonthewelfarestate 125
7.1 Economicopenness 126
7.1.1 Hypotheses 126
7.1.2 Results 131
7.2 Socialandpoliticalopenness 139
7.2.1 Theories 139
7.2.2 Findings 142
7.3 Conclusions 153
AppendixtoChapter7:Empiricalstudies 155
8 Globalizationversuslocalisation
Therelationshipbetweenopennessandsolidarity 157
8.1 Opennessandsolidarity 159
8.1.1 Theory 159
8.1.2 Dataandanalyses 165
8.1.3 Results 170
8.2 Opennessandtheorganizationofsolidarity 175
8.2.1 Theory 176
8.2.2 Dataandanalyses 182
8.2.3 Results 183
8.3 Conclusions 188
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9 Mythsandfacts
Pressuresonthewelfarestate 193
9.1 Themythofindividualization 194
9.2 Doesindividualizationendangersolidarity? 195
9.3 Thevariousdimensionsofglobalization 196
9.4 Doesglobalizationthreatenthesustainabilityof
thewelfarestate? 197
9.5 Doestheindividualinterestincollectivearrangements
decline? 199
9.6 Isthesupportforone-sidedsolidaritycrumbling? 208
9.7 Youain’tseennothin’yet? 215
9.8 Conclusion 218
10 BetweencommunitycareandEuropeanwelfarestate
Policyalternativesforthenationalwelfarestate 219
10.1 Nineoptionsforthewelfarestate 220
10.2 Aliberalwelfarestatebasedonone-sidedsolidarity 221
10.3 Aconservativewelfarestatebasedontwo-sidedsolidarity 223
10.4 Asocial-democraticwelfarestatebasedonbothone-sided
andtwo-sidedsolidarity 224
10.5 Alocalwelfarestate 225
10.6 Asupranationalwelfarestate 228
10.7 Conclusion 231
References 233
Acknowledgements 241
Index 243
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