Stern’s Introductory Plant Biology

614 Pages·2018·353.55 MB·english

by  James E. Bidlack

Final PDF to printer
Stern’s Introductory
Plant
Fourteenth Edition
Biolog y
James E. Bidlack | Shelley H. Jansky
University of Central Oklahoma University of Wisconsin – Madison
bid82749_fm_i-xvi.indd i 11/29/16 06:09 PM
Final PDF to printer
STERN’S INTRODUCTORY PLANT BIOLOGY, FOURTEENTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas,
New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2018 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2014, 2011, and 2008. No part of this publication
may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system,
without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to,
in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside
the United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 21 20 19 18 17
ISBN 978-1-259-68274-2
MHID 1-259-68274-9
Chief Product Officer, SVP, Products & Markets: G. Scott Virkler
Vice President, General Manager, Products & Markets: Marty Lange
Vice President, Content Production & Technology Services: Betsy Whalen
Managing Director: Lynn M. Breithaupt
Senior Brand Manager: Michelle Vogler
Brand Manager: Justin Wyatt
Director, Product Development: Rose Koos
Executive Marketing Manager: Patrick E. Reidy
Product Developer: Mandy Clark
Editorial Coordinator: Jane Peden
Director of Digital Content: Michael Koot, PhD
Program Manager: Angela FitzPatrick
Director, Content Design & Delivery: Linda Meehan-Avenarius
Content Project Managers: Mary Jane Lampe/Christina Nelson
Senior Buyer: Sandy Ludovissy
Cover Designer: Studio Montage
Cover front and back Image: Beautiful lupines field over Lake Tekapo: photographer/artist: Ratnakorn Piyasirisorost/Getty Images
Content Licensing Specialists: Lori Hancock (photo)/Melisa Seegmiller (text)
Compositor: SPi Global
Typeface: 10/12 STIX MathJax Main
Printer: LSC Communications—Willard
All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the
copyright page.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Bidlack, James E., author. | Jansky, Shelley.
Title: Introductory plant biology / James E. Bidlack, University of Central
Oklahoma, Shelley H. Jansky, University of Wisconsin - Madison.
Other titles: Stern’s introductory plant biology
Description: 14th edition. | New York, NY : McGraw-Hill, 2017. | “Stern’s
introductory plant biology, 14th edition”—T.p. verso.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016044453 | ISBN 9781259682742 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Botany.
Classification: LCC QK47 .S836 2017 | DDC 580—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016044453
www.mhhe.com
bid82749_fm_i-xvi.indd ii 11/29/16 06:09 PM
Final PDF to printer
Contents in Brief
About the Authors ix
Preface x
1 What Is Plant Biology? 1
2 The Nature of Life 13
3 Cells 29
4 Tissues 53
5 Roots and Soils 65
6 Stems 85
7 Leaves 104
8 Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds 124
9 Water in Plants 147
10 Plant Metabolism 164
11 Growth and Development 191
12 Meiosis and Alternation of Generations 216
13 Genetics and Molecular Biology 226
14 Plant Breeding, Propagation, and Biotechnology 249
15 Evolution 268
16 Plant Names and Classification 282
17 Domain (Kingdom) Bacteria, Domain (Kingdom) Archaea, and Viruses 298
18 Kingdom Protista 324
19 Kingdom Fungi 353
20 Introduction to the Plant Kingdom: Bryophytes 378
21 The Seedless Vascular Plants: Ferns and Their Relatives 393
22 Introduction to Seed Plants: Gymnosperms 418
23 Seed Plants: Angiosperms 437
24 Flowering Plants and Civilization 457
25 Ecology 483
26 Biomes 508
Appendix 1 Scientific Names of Organisms Mentioned in the Text A1
Appendix 2 Biological Controls A20
Appendix 3 Useful and Poisonous Plants, Fungi, and Algae A26
Appendix 4 House Plants and Home Gardening A51
Appendix 5 Metric Equivalents and Conversion Tables A75
Appendix 6 Periodic Table of the Elements A77
Glossary G1
Index I1
iii
bid82749_fm_i-xvi.indd iii 11/29/16 06:09 PM
Final PDF to printer
Contents
About the Authors ix 4
Tissues 53
Preface x
Overview 54
1
Learning Outcomes 54
What Is Plant Biology? 1
Meristematic Tissues 54
Overview 2 KEY THEME: molecular Chimeras and Variegated
Learning Outcomes 2 Leaves 55
KEY THEME: ecology Who Needs Plants? 4 Tissues Produced by Meristems 56
The Relationship of Humans to Their KEY THEME: ecology Plants and Environment 61
Environment 4 SUMMARY 63
Botany as a Science 7 REVIEW QUESTIONS 64
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 64
Diversification of Plant Study 7
ADDITIONAL READING 64
Plant Biology on the Internet 10
LEARNING ONLINE 64
SUMMARY 11
REVIEW QUESTIONS 11 5
Roots and Soils 65
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 11
ADDITIONAL READING 11
Overview 66
LEARNING ONLINE 12
Learning Outcomes 66
2
How Roots Develop 66
The Nature of Life 13
Root Structure 67
Overview 14 Specialized Roots 71
Learning Outcomes 14 KEY THEME: ecology Plants Need Roots 75
Attributes of Living Organisms 14 Mycorrhizae 76
Chemical and Physical Bases of Life 15 Root Nodules 77
KEY THEME: molecular The Skinny on Fats 23 Human Relevance of Roots 77
SUMMARY 27 Soils 78
REVIEW QUESTIONS 27 KEY THEME: ecology Metal-Munching
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 28
Plants 81
ADDITIONAL READING 28
SUMMARY 82
LEARNING ONLINE 28
REVIEW QUESTIONS 83
3
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 83
Cells 29
ADDITIONAL READING 84
LEARNING ONLINE 84
Overview 30
Learning Outcomes 30 6
Stems 85
Cells 30
Eukaryotic versus Prokaryotic Cells 33
Overview 86
Cell Structure and Communication 33
Learning Outcomes 86
Cellular Components 36
External Form of a Woody Twig 86
Cellular Reproduction 44
Origin and Development of Stems 87
Microscapes 48 KEY THEME: ecology Standing in Fields of
Higher Plant Cells versus Animal Cells 50
Stone 88
SUMMARY 51 Tissue Patterns in Stems 90
REVIEW QUESTIONS 52
KEY THEME: ecology Dendroclimatology 92
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 52
Specialized Stems 97
ADDITIONAL READING 52
LEARNING ONLINE 52 Wood and Its Uses 99
iv
bid82749_fm_i-xvi.indd iv 11/29/16 06:09 PM
Final PDF to printer
Contents v
SUMMARY 102 Transport of Food Substances (Organic
REVIEW QUESTIONS 103 Solutes) in Solution 157
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 103
Mineral Requirements for Growth 159
ADDITIONAL READING 103
SUMMARY 162
LEARNING ONLINE 103
REVIEW QUESTIONS 162
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 162
7
Leaves 104 ADDITIONAL READING 163
LEARNING ONLINE 163
Overview 105
Learning Outcomes 105 10
Plant Metabolism 164
Leaf Arrangements and Types 106
Internal Structure of Leaves 107 Overview 165
Stomata 108 Learning Outcomes 165
Mesophyll and Veins 110 Enzymes and Energy Transfer 166
Specialized Leaves 111 Photosynthesis 166
KEY THEME: ecology More on Leaf Structure 112 Photosynthesis and Pizza 176
Autumnal Changes in Leaf Color 119 Respiration 180
Abscission 120 Additional Metabolic Pathways 185
Human and Ecological Relevance of Assimilation and Digestion 186
Leaves 121 SUMMARY 187
Glass Cuts from Grass? 122 KEY THEME: ecology Photosynthesis, Global
SUMMARY 122 Warming, and Tropical Rain Forests 188
REVIEW QUESTIONS 123 REVIEW QUESTIONS 190
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 123 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 190
ADDITIONAL READING 123 ADDITIONAL READING 190
LEARNING ONLINE 123 LEARNING ONLINE 190
8 11
Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds 124 Growth and Development 191
Overview 125 Overview 192
Learning Outcomes 125 Learning Outcomes 192
Differences between Dicots and Nutrients, Vitamins, and Hormones 192
Monocots 128 Plant Hormones beyond “The Classic
Structure of Flowers 128 Five” 200
Fruits 129 Hormonal Interactions 201
KEY THEME: ecology Goober Peas 131 Other Hormonal Interactions 201
Fruit and Seed Dispersal 137 Plant Movements 202
Seeds 141 Photoperiodism 209
The Seed That Slept for 1,200 Years 144 Phytochromes and Cryptochromes 210
SUMMARY 145 A Flowering Hormone? 211
REVIEW QUESTIONS 146 Temperature and Growth 212
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 146 Dormancy and Quiescence 213
ADDITIONAL READING 146
SUMMARY 214
LEARNING ONLINE 146
REVIEW QUESTIONS 215
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 215
9 ADDITIONAL READING 215
Water in Plants 147
LEARNING ONLINE 215
Overview 148
12
Learning Outcomes 148 Meiosis and Alternation
Molecular Movement 149
of Generations 216
Measuring Water Potential and
Psychrometry 151 Overview 217
Water and Its Movement through the Plant 153 Learning Outcomes 217
Regulation of Transpiration 156 The Phases of Meiosis 218
bid82749_fm_i-xvi.indd v 11/29/16 06:09 PM
Final PDF to printer
vi Contents
KEY THEME: evolution Why Plants Have Sex Charles Darwin 273
Lives 219 Evidence for Evolution 274
Alternation of Generations 221 Microevolution—Evolution within
KEY THEME: molecular FISH and GISH Molecular Species 275
Techniques 223 Rates of Evolution 276
SUMMARY 223 Macroevolution—How Species Evolve 276
REVIEW QUESTIONS 224 The Role of Polyploidy in Evolution 278
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 224
Discussion 279
ADDITIONAL READING 224
KEY THEME: evolution Our Daily Bread 280
LEARNING ONLINE 224
SUMMARY 280
13 REVIEW QUESTIONS 281
Genetics and Molecular
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 281
Biology 226 ADDITIONAL READING 281
LEARNING ONLINE 281
Overview 227
16
Learning Outcomes 227 Plant Names and
Molecular Genetics 228
Classification 282
KEY THEME: molecular Massive DNA
Sequencing 230 Overview 283
KEY THEME: molecular The Polymerase Chain Learning Outcomes 283
Reaction (PCR) 232 Development of the Binomial System of
Cytogenetics 237 Nomenclature 283
Mendelian Genetics 238 Development of the Kingdom Concept 286
Quantitative Traits 244 Classification of Major Groups 287
Extranuclear DNA 245 Species Concepts 292
Linkage and Mapping 245 A Key to Major Groups of Organisms
The Hardy-Weinberg Law 247 (Exclusive of Kingdom Animalia) 294
SUMMARY 247 The Future of Plant Classification 296
REVIEW QUESTIONS 248 SUMMARY 296
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 248 REVIEW QUESTIONS 297
ADDITIONAL READING 248 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 297
LEARNING ONLINE 248 ADDITIONAL READING 297
LEARNING ONLINE 297
14
Plant Breeding, Propagation, 17
Domain (Kingdom) Bacteria,
and Biotechnology 249
Domain (Kingdom) Archaea,
Overview 250
and Viruses 298
Learning Outcomes 250
Crop Plant Evolution 250 Overview 299
Plant Breeding 252 Learning Outcomes 299
KEY THEME: molecular Genome Editing 259 Features of Domains (Kingdoms) Bacteria
Plant Propagation 260 and Archaea 300
SUMMARY 266 Domain (Kingdom) Bacteria—the True
REVIEW QUESTIONS 267 Bacteria 304
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 267
Human Relevance of the Unpigmented,
ADDITIONAL READING 267
Purple, and Green Sulfur Bacteria 304
LEARNING ONLINE 267
KEY THEME: ecology The Social Life of
15 Prokaryotes 305
Evolution 268
Class Cyanobacteriae—the Cyanobacteria
Overview 269 (Blue-Green Bacteria) 311
Learning Outcomes 269 KEY THEME: ecology Cyanobacteria and Algae
An Introduction to Evolution 269 Blooms 314
A Brief Overview of the Early Development Class Prochlorobacteriae—the
of Evolutionary Concepts 271 Prochlorobacteria 315
bid82749_fm_i-xvi.indd vi 11/29/16 06:09 PM
Final PDF to printer
Contents vii
Domain (Kingdom) Archaea—the REVIEW QUESTIONS 376
Archaebacteria 315 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 377
ADDITIONAL READING 377
Viruses 317
LEARNING ONLINE 377
KEY THEME : molecular Plant Viruses 318
Viroids and Prions 321 20
Introduction to the Plant
SUMMARY 322
REVIEW QUESTIONS 323 Kingdom: Bryophytes 378
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 323
Overview 379
ADDITIONAL READING 323
LEARNING ONLINE 323 Learning Outcomes 379
Introduction to the Bryophytes 380
18 Phylum Hepaticophyta—Liverworts 381
Kingdom Protista 324
Phylum Anthocerophyta—Hornworts 385
Overview 325 Phylum Bryophyta—Mosses 385
Learning Outcomes 325 KEY THEME: ecology Hibernating Mosses 389
KEY THEME: evolution Green Plant Human and Ecological Relevance of
Phylogeny 326 Bryophytes 390
Features of Kingdom Protista 326 SUMMARY 391
REVIEW QUESTIONS 391
Algae 326
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 392
Phylum Chlorophyta—the Green Algae 327
ADDITIONAL READING 392
Phylum Chromophyta—the Yellow-Green
LEARNING ONLINE 392
Algae, Golden-Brown Algae, Diatoms,
21
and Brown Algae 333 The Seedless Vascular Plants:
Phylum Rhodophyta—the Red Algae 337
Ferns and Their Relatives 393
Phylum Euglenophyta—the Euglenoids 339
Phylum Dinophyta—the Dinoflagellates 340 Overview 394
Phylum Cryptophyta—the Cryptomonads 341 Learning Outcomes 394
Phylum Prymnesiophyta (Haptophyta)—the Phylum Psilotophyta—the Whisk Ferns 394
Haptophytes 342 Phylum Lycophyta—the Ground Pines,
Phylum Charophyta—the Stoneworts 342 Spike Mosses, and Quillworts 396
KEY THEME: ecology Biofuels from Algae 343 Phylum Equisetophyta—the Horsetails and
Human and Ecological Relevance of the Scouring Rushes 402
Algae 343 Phylum Polypodiophyta—the Ferns 406
Other Members of Kingdom Protista 347 Fossils 413
Phylum Myxomycota—the Plasmodial KEY THEME: ecology Ferns and Fossil Fuels 414
Slime Molds 347 SUMMARY 415
Phylum Dictyosteliomycota—the Cellular REVIEW QUESTIONS 416
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 416
Slime Molds 348
ADDITIONAL READING 416
Phylum Oomycota—the Water Molds 350
LEARNING ONLINE 417
SUMMARY 351
REVIEW QUESTIONS 352 22
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 352 Introduction to Seed Plants:
ADDITIONAL READING 352
Gymnosperms 418
LEARNING ONLINE 352
Overview 419
19
Kingdom Fungi 353 Learning Outcomes 419
Phylum Pinophyta—the Conifers 420
Overview 354 KEY THEME: ecology Resilient and Useful
Learning Outcomes 354
Gymnosperms 421
Distinctions between Kingdoms Protista Other Gymnosperms 424
and Fungi 354 Human Relevance of Gymnosperms 429
Kingdom Fungi 355 KEY THEME: evolution A Living Fossil? 434
Lichens 373 SUMMARY 435
SUMMARY 375 REVIEW QUESTIONS 436
bid82749_fm_i-xvi.indd vii 11/29/16 06:09 PM
Final PDF to printer
viii Contents
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 436 KEY THEME: ecology John Muir, Father of
ADDITIONAL READING 436
America’s National Park System 504
LEARNING ONLINE 436
SUMMARY 505
REVIEW QUESTIONS 506
23
Seed Plants: Angiosperms 437 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 506
ADDITIONAL READING 506
Overview 438 LEARNING ONLINE 507
Learning Outcomes 438
Phylum Magnoliophyta—the Flowering 26
Biomes 508
Plants 439
KEY THEME: molecular The Difference between Overview 509
“n” and “x” in Plant Life Cycles 446 Learning Outcome 509
Pollination Ecology 448
Major Biomes of the World 509
Herbaria and Plant Preservation 452 KEY THEME: ecology Alpine Flora as an Indication
SUMMARY 455
of Climate Change: The GLORIA Project 514
REVIEW QUESTIONS 455
SUMMARY 518
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 456
REVIEW QUESTIONS 519
ADDITIONAL READING 456
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 519
LEARNING ONLINE 456
ADDITIONAL READING 519
LEARNING ONLINE 519
24
Flowering Plants
Appendix 1 Scientific Names of Organisms
and Civilization 457
Mentioned in the Text A1
Overview 458 Appendix 2 Biological Controls A20
Learning Outcomes 458 General Controls A20
Origin of Cultivated Plants 458 Specific Controls A22
Selected Families of Flowering Companion Planting A22
Plants 459 Additional Reading A22
Dicots (Now Recognized in Two Appendix 3 Useful and Poisonous Plants, Fungi,
Groups) 461 and Algae A26
Monocots 476 Wild Edible Plants, Fungi, and Algae A26
KEY THEME: ecology Wild Rice—More Than Just Poisonous Plants and Fungi A26
Food 478 Medicinal Plants, Fungi, and Algae A26
KEY THEME: ecology Coffee and Caffeine 480 Hallucinogenic Plants A44
SUMMARY 480 Spice Plants A44
REVIEW QUESTIONS 481
Dye Plants A44
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 482
Additional Reading A50
ADDITIONAL READING 482
Appendix 4 House Plants and Home
LEARNING ONLINE 482
Gardening A51
25 Growing House Plants A51
Ecology 483
Common House Plants A52
Overview 484 Growing Vegetables A61
Learning Outcomes 484 Common Vegetables and their Nutritional
Plants and the Environment 484 Values A62
Life Histories 489 Pruning A67
Natural Cycles 490 Major Types of Grafting A68
Succession 493 Additional Reading A74
KEY THEME: ecology Plant Population Appendix 5 Metric Equivalents and Conversion
Tables A75
Ecology 493
Impact of Humans on Plant Appendix 6 Periodic Table of the Elements A77
Communities 498
Loss of Biodiversity 501 Glossary G1
Restoration of the Land 503 Index I1
bid82749_fm_i-xvi.indd viii 11/29/16 06:09 PM
Final PDF to printer
About the Authors
Introductory Plant Biology was originally written by Kingsley
R. Stern (1927–2006), who spent more than 40 years as a devoted
botanist and teacher. It is estimated that Dr. Stern educated 15,000
students through classroom/laboratory teaching and inspired thou-
sands of botanists as the author of this book, which has sold more
than 275,000 copies since the first edition was published in 1979.
Kingsley’s enthusiasm for the botanical world captivated those
around him for many decades. He will long be remembered for his
attention to detail and dedication to high standards, along with a
refreshing sense of humor. It was always Kingsley’s aspiration that
those who read Stern’s Introductory Plant Biology will share his life-
long love of botany.
Jim Bidlack, Kingsley Stern, and Shelley Jansky at Kingsley’s
office residence in Paradise, California. © Jan Monelo
In late 1999 and early 2000, Drs. Jim Bidlack and Shelley Jansky joined Kingsley Stern in editing and updating this textbook.
They worked with him on several editions and have since carried Dr. Stern’s legacy forward to educate and inspire young bota-
nists. This fourteenth edition reflects the same accuracy, content, and enthusiasm of the Stern writing style, along with revi-
sions and updates to make it an up-to-date and enjoyable resource and textbook for plant biology.
James E. Bidlack Shelley H. Jansky
Jim Bidlack received a bachelor of sci- Shelley Jansky received a bachelor’s
ence degree in agronomy, with a soil and degree in biology from the University of
crop option, from Purdue University in Wisconsin–Stevens Point in 1982, and
1984 and continued his education with a a master of science degree and Ph.D. in
master’s degree in crop physiology at the plant breeding and plant genetics from
University of Arkansas in 1986. Upon the University of Wisconsin–Madison
© James E. Bidlack completing a Ph.D. in plant physiology at © Shelley H. Jansky in 1984 and 1986, respectively. Her
Iowa State University in 1990, Jim joined graduate work focused on developing
the teaching faculty at the University of Central Oklahoma methods to incorporate genes from wild relatives of potato
(UCO) where he is a professor of biology. His first paper was into the cultivated potato. Then, she spent four years as an
published from undergraduate research at Purdue University assistant professor at North Dakota State University, teach-
on the use of synthetic growth regulators to stimulate seed ger- ing courses in plant breeding and plant propagation, and
mination. Subsequent work in Arkansas, Iowa, and Oklahoma performing research in the potato breeding program. She
focused on soybean physiology, cell wall chemistry, alterna- taught courses in botany, genetics, and horticulture, and con-
tive crops, and photovoltaic cells, as well as teaching respon- tinued to perform potato genetics research at the University
sibilities in botany. Equipment and student salaries for Jim’s of Wisconsin–Stevens Point from 1990 until 2004. She
research projects have been funded by grants from the National was the chair of the Department of Biology and was pro-
Science Foundation and the United States Department moted to associate professor in 1992 and professor in 1995.
of Agriculture. About 20 refereed publications, as well as In 2004, she moved to Madison, where she is a research
hundreds of abstracts and popular articles, have resulted from geneticist with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and an
this work. Jim has been recognized with UCO’s Presidential associate professor in the Department of Horticulture at the
Partner’s Excellence in Teaching Award; University Merit University of Wisconsin–Madison. Her research program
Awards in Service, Research, and Teaching; the Biology Club focuses on using disease resistance and nutritional quality
Teaching Award; and the Pre-Med Teaching Award. Some of genes from wild relatives for the improvement of cultivated
Jim’s additional responsibilities have included participation on potato varieties. She received the University of Wisconsin–
NSF and USDA review panels, editor of the Biology Discipline Stevens Point Excellence in Teaching Award in 1992 and the
for the Multimedia Educational Resource for Learning and University Scholar Award in 2000. She has published 87 ref-
Online Teaching (MERLOT), vice president of The Genome ereed research articles and seven book chapters.
Registry, and president of Metabolism Foundation.
ix
bid82749_fm_i-xvi.indd ix 11/29/16 06:09 PM