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Stern’s Introductory Plant Biology PDF

614 Pages·2018·353.55 MB·english
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Final PDF to printer Stern’s Introductory Plant Fourteenth Edition Biolog y James E. Bidlack | Shelley H. Jansky University of Central Oklahoma University of Wisconsin – Madison bid82749_fm_i-xvi.indd i 11/29/16 06:09 PM Final PDF to printer STERN’S INTRODUCTORY PLANT BIOLOGY, FOURTEENTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2018 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2014, 2011, and 2008. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 21 20 19 18 17 ISBN 978-1-259-68274-2 MHID 1-259-68274-9 Chief Product Officer, SVP, Products & Markets: G. Scott Virkler Vice President, General Manager, Products & Markets: Marty Lange Vice President, Content Production & Technology Services: Betsy Whalen Managing Director: Lynn M. Breithaupt Senior Brand Manager: Michelle Vogler Brand Manager: Justin Wyatt Director, Product Development: Rose Koos Executive Marketing Manager: Patrick E. Reidy Product Developer: Mandy Clark Editorial Coordinator: Jane Peden Director of Digital Content: Michael Koot, PhD Program Manager: Angela FitzPatrick Director, Content Design & Delivery: Linda Meehan-Avenarius Content Project Managers: Mary Jane Lampe/Christina Nelson Senior Buyer: Sandy Ludovissy Cover Designer: Studio Montage Cover front and back Image: Beautiful lupines field over Lake Tekapo: photographer/artist: Ratnakorn Piyasirisorost/Getty Images Content Licensing Specialists: Lori Hancock (photo)/Melisa Seegmiller (text) Compositor: SPi Global Typeface: 10/12 STIX MathJax Main Printer: LSC Communications—Willard All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Bidlack, James E., author. | Jansky, Shelley. Title: Introductory plant biology / James E. Bidlack, University of Central Oklahoma, Shelley H. Jansky, University of Wisconsin - Madison. Other titles: Stern’s introductory plant biology Description: 14th edition. | New York, NY : McGraw-Hill, 2017. | “Stern’s introductory plant biology, 14th edition”—T.p. verso. Identifiers: LCCN 2016044453 | ISBN 9781259682742 (alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Botany. Classification: LCC QK47 .S836 2017 | DDC 580—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016044453 www.mhhe.com bid82749_fm_i-xvi.indd ii 11/29/16 06:09 PM Final PDF to printer Contents in Brief About the Authors ix Preface x 1 What Is Plant Biology? 1 2 The Nature of Life 13 3 Cells 29 4 Tissues 53 5 Roots and Soils 65 6 Stems 85 7 Leaves 104 8 Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds 124 9 Water in Plants 147 10 Plant Metabolism 164 11 Growth and Development 191 12 Meiosis and Alternation of Generations 216 13 Genetics and Molecular Biology 226 14 Plant Breeding, Propagation, and Biotechnology 249 15 Evolution 268 16 Plant Names and Classification 282 17 Domain (Kingdom) Bacteria, Domain (Kingdom) Archaea, and Viruses 298 18 Kingdom Protista 324 19 Kingdom Fungi 353 20 Introduction to the Plant Kingdom: Bryophytes 378 21 The Seedless Vascular Plants: Ferns and Their Relatives 393 22 Introduction to Seed Plants: Gymnosperms 418 23 Seed Plants: Angiosperms 437 24 Flowering Plants and Civilization 457 25 Ecology 483 26 Biomes 508 Appendix 1 Scientific Names of Organisms Mentioned in the Text A1 Appendix 2 Biological Controls A20 Appendix 3 Useful and Poisonous Plants, Fungi, and Algae A26 Appendix 4 House Plants and Home Gardening A51 Appendix 5 Metric Equivalents and Conversion Tables A75 Appendix 6 Periodic Table of the Elements A77 Glossary G1 Index I1 iii bid82749_fm_i-xvi.indd iii 11/29/16 06:09 PM Final PDF to printer Contents About the Authors ix 4 Tissues 53 Preface x Overview 54 1 Learning Outcomes 54 What Is Plant Biology? 1 Meristematic Tissues 54 Overview 2 KEY THEME: molecular Chimeras and Variegated Learning Outcomes 2 Leaves 55 KEY THEME: ecology Who Needs Plants? 4 Tissues Produced by Meristems 56 The Relationship of Humans to Their KEY THEME: ecology Plants and Environment 61 Environment 4 SUMMARY 63 Botany as a Science 7 REVIEW QUESTIONS 64 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 64 Diversification of Plant Study 7 ADDITIONAL READING 64 Plant Biology on the Internet 10 LEARNING ONLINE 64 SUMMARY 11 REVIEW QUESTIONS 11 5 Roots and Soils 65 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 11 ADDITIONAL READING 11 Overview 66 LEARNING ONLINE 12 Learning Outcomes 66 2 How Roots Develop 66 The Nature of Life 13 Root Structure 67 Overview 14 Specialized Roots 71 Learning Outcomes 14 KEY THEME: ecology Plants Need Roots 75 Attributes of Living Organisms 14 Mycorrhizae 76 Chemical and Physical Bases of Life 15 Root Nodules 77 KEY THEME: molecular The Skinny on Fats 23 Human Relevance of Roots 77 SUMMARY 27 Soils 78 REVIEW QUESTIONS 27 KEY THEME: ecology Metal-Munching DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 28 Plants 81 ADDITIONAL READING 28 SUMMARY 82 LEARNING ONLINE 28 REVIEW QUESTIONS 83 3 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 83 Cells 29 ADDITIONAL READING 84 LEARNING ONLINE 84 Overview 30 Learning Outcomes 30 6 Stems 85 Cells 30 Eukaryotic versus Prokaryotic Cells 33 Overview 86 Cell Structure and Communication 33 Learning Outcomes 86 Cellular Components 36 External Form of a Woody Twig 86 Cellular Reproduction 44 Origin and Development of Stems 87 Microscapes 48 KEY THEME: ecology Standing in Fields of Higher Plant Cells versus Animal Cells 50 Stone 88 SUMMARY 51 Tissue Patterns in Stems 90 REVIEW QUESTIONS 52 KEY THEME: ecology Dendroclimatology 92 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 52 Specialized Stems 97 ADDITIONAL READING 52 LEARNING ONLINE 52 Wood and Its Uses 99 iv bid82749_fm_i-xvi.indd iv 11/29/16 06:09 PM Final PDF to printer Contents v SUMMARY 102 Transport of Food Substances (Organic REVIEW QUESTIONS 103 Solutes) in Solution 157 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 103 Mineral Requirements for Growth 159 ADDITIONAL READING 103 SUMMARY 162 LEARNING ONLINE 103 REVIEW QUESTIONS 162 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 162 7 Leaves 104 ADDITIONAL READING 163 LEARNING ONLINE 163 Overview 105 Learning Outcomes 105 10 Plant Metabolism 164 Leaf Arrangements and Types 106 Internal Structure of Leaves 107 Overview 165 Stomata 108 Learning Outcomes 165 Mesophyll and Veins 110 Enzymes and Energy Transfer 166 Specialized Leaves 111 Photosynthesis 166 KEY THEME: ecology More on Leaf Structure 112 Photosynthesis and Pizza 176 Autumnal Changes in Leaf Color 119 Respiration 180 Abscission 120 Additional Metabolic Pathways 185 Human and Ecological Relevance of Assimilation and Digestion 186 Leaves 121 SUMMARY 187 Glass Cuts from Grass? 122 KEY THEME: ecology Photosynthesis, Global SUMMARY 122 Warming, and Tropical Rain Forests 188 REVIEW QUESTIONS 123 REVIEW QUESTIONS 190 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 123 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 190 ADDITIONAL READING 123 ADDITIONAL READING 190 LEARNING ONLINE 123 LEARNING ONLINE 190 8 11 Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds 124 Growth and Development 191 Overview 125 Overview 192 Learning Outcomes 125 Learning Outcomes 192 Differences between Dicots and Nutrients, Vitamins, and Hormones 192 Monocots 128 Plant Hormones beyond “The Classic Structure of Flowers 128 Five” 200 Fruits 129 Hormonal Interactions 201 KEY THEME: ecology Goober Peas 131 Other Hormonal Interactions 201 Fruit and Seed Dispersal 137 Plant Movements 202 Seeds 141 Photoperiodism 209 The Seed That Slept for 1,200 Years 144 Phytochromes and Cryptochromes 210 SUMMARY 145 A Flowering Hormone? 211 REVIEW QUESTIONS 146 Temperature and Growth 212 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 146 Dormancy and Quiescence 213 ADDITIONAL READING 146 SUMMARY 214 LEARNING ONLINE 146 REVIEW QUESTIONS 215 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 215 9 ADDITIONAL READING 215 Water in Plants 147 LEARNING ONLINE 215 Overview 148 12 Learning Outcomes 148 Meiosis and Alternation Molecular Movement 149 of Generations 216 Measuring Water Potential and Psychrometry 151 Overview 217 Water and Its Movement through the Plant 153 Learning Outcomes 217 Regulation of Transpiration 156 The Phases of Meiosis 218 bid82749_fm_i-xvi.indd v 11/29/16 06:09 PM Final PDF to printer vi Contents KEY THEME: evolution Why Plants Have Sex Charles Darwin 273 Lives 219 Evidence for Evolution 274 Alternation of Generations 221 Microevolution—Evolution within KEY THEME: molecular FISH and GISH Molecular Species 275 Techniques 223 Rates of Evolution 276 SUMMARY 223 Macroevolution—How Species Evolve 276 REVIEW QUESTIONS 224 The Role of Polyploidy in Evolution 278 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 224 Discussion 279 ADDITIONAL READING 224 KEY THEME: evolution Our Daily Bread 280 LEARNING ONLINE 224 SUMMARY 280 13 REVIEW QUESTIONS 281 Genetics and Molecular DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 281 Biology 226 ADDITIONAL READING 281 LEARNING ONLINE 281 Overview 227 16 Learning Outcomes 227 Plant Names and Molecular Genetics 228 Classification 282 KEY THEME: molecular Massive DNA Sequencing 230 Overview 283 KEY THEME: molecular The Polymerase Chain Learning Outcomes 283 Reaction (PCR) 232 Development of the Binomial System of Cytogenetics 237 Nomenclature 283 Mendelian Genetics 238 Development of the Kingdom Concept 286 Quantitative Traits 244 Classification of Major Groups 287 Extranuclear DNA 245 Species Concepts 292 Linkage and Mapping 245 A Key to Major Groups of Organisms The Hardy-Weinberg Law 247 (Exclusive of Kingdom Animalia) 294 SUMMARY 247 The Future of Plant Classification 296 REVIEW QUESTIONS 248 SUMMARY 296 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 248 REVIEW QUESTIONS 297 ADDITIONAL READING 248 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 297 LEARNING ONLINE 248 ADDITIONAL READING 297 LEARNING ONLINE 297 14 Plant Breeding, Propagation, 17 Domain (Kingdom) Bacteria, and Biotechnology 249 Domain (Kingdom) Archaea, Overview 250 and Viruses 298 Learning Outcomes 250 Crop Plant Evolution 250 Overview 299 Plant Breeding 252 Learning Outcomes 299 KEY THEME: molecular Genome Editing 259 Features of Domains (Kingdoms) Bacteria Plant Propagation 260 and Archaea 300 SUMMARY 266 Domain (Kingdom) Bacteria—the True REVIEW QUESTIONS 267 Bacteria 304 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 267 Human Relevance of the Unpigmented, ADDITIONAL READING 267 Purple, and Green Sulfur Bacteria 304 LEARNING ONLINE 267 KEY THEME: ecology The Social Life of 15 Prokaryotes 305 Evolution 268 Class Cyanobacteriae—the Cyanobacteria Overview 269 (Blue-Green Bacteria) 311 Learning Outcomes 269 KEY THEME: ecology Cyanobacteria and Algae An Introduction to Evolution 269 Blooms 314 A Brief Overview of the Early Development Class Prochlorobacteriae—the of Evolutionary Concepts 271 Prochlorobacteria 315 bid82749_fm_i-xvi.indd vi 11/29/16 06:09 PM Final PDF to printer Contents vii Domain (Kingdom) Archaea—the REVIEW QUESTIONS 376 Archaebacteria 315 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 377 ADDITIONAL READING 377 Viruses 317 LEARNING ONLINE 377 KEY THEME : molecular Plant Viruses 318 Viroids and Prions 321 20 Introduction to the Plant SUMMARY 322 REVIEW QUESTIONS 323 Kingdom: Bryophytes 378 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 323 Overview 379 ADDITIONAL READING 323 LEARNING ONLINE 323 Learning Outcomes 379 Introduction to the Bryophytes 380 18 Phylum Hepaticophyta—Liverworts 381 Kingdom Protista 324 Phylum Anthocerophyta—Hornworts 385 Overview 325 Phylum Bryophyta—Mosses 385 Learning Outcomes 325 KEY THEME: ecology Hibernating Mosses 389 KEY THEME: evolution Green Plant Human and Ecological Relevance of Phylogeny 326 Bryophytes 390 Features of Kingdom Protista 326 SUMMARY 391 REVIEW QUESTIONS 391 Algae 326 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 392 Phylum Chlorophyta—the Green Algae 327 ADDITIONAL READING 392 Phylum Chromophyta—the Yellow-Green LEARNING ONLINE 392 Algae, Golden-Brown Algae, Diatoms, 21 and Brown Algae 333 The Seedless Vascular Plants: Phylum Rhodophyta—the Red Algae 337 Ferns and Their Relatives 393 Phylum Euglenophyta—the Euglenoids 339 Phylum Dinophyta—the Dinoflagellates 340 Overview 394 Phylum Cryptophyta—the Cryptomonads 341 Learning Outcomes 394 Phylum Prymnesiophyta (Haptophyta)—the Phylum Psilotophyta—the Whisk Ferns 394 Haptophytes 342 Phylum Lycophyta—the Ground Pines, Phylum Charophyta—the Stoneworts 342 Spike Mosses, and Quillworts 396 KEY THEME: ecology Biofuels from Algae 343 Phylum Equisetophyta—the Horsetails and Human and Ecological Relevance of the Scouring Rushes 402 Algae 343 Phylum Polypodiophyta—the Ferns 406 Other Members of Kingdom Protista 347 Fossils 413 Phylum Myxomycota—the Plasmodial KEY THEME: ecology Ferns and Fossil Fuels 414 Slime Molds 347 SUMMARY 415 Phylum Dictyosteliomycota—the Cellular REVIEW QUESTIONS 416 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 416 Slime Molds 348 ADDITIONAL READING 416 Phylum Oomycota—the Water Molds 350 LEARNING ONLINE 417 SUMMARY 351 REVIEW QUESTIONS 352 22 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 352 Introduction to Seed Plants: ADDITIONAL READING 352 Gymnosperms 418 LEARNING ONLINE 352 Overview 419 19 Kingdom Fungi 353 Learning Outcomes 419 Phylum Pinophyta—the Conifers 420 Overview 354 KEY THEME: ecology Resilient and Useful Learning Outcomes 354 Gymnosperms 421 Distinctions between Kingdoms Protista Other Gymnosperms 424 and Fungi 354 Human Relevance of Gymnosperms 429 Kingdom Fungi 355 KEY THEME: evolution A Living Fossil? 434 Lichens 373 SUMMARY 435 SUMMARY 375 REVIEW QUESTIONS 436 bid82749_fm_i-xvi.indd vii 11/29/16 06:09 PM Final PDF to printer viii Contents DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 436 KEY THEME: ecology John Muir, Father of ADDITIONAL READING 436 America’s National Park System 504 LEARNING ONLINE 436 SUMMARY 505 REVIEW QUESTIONS 506 23 Seed Plants: Angiosperms 437 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 506 ADDITIONAL READING 506 Overview 438 LEARNING ONLINE 507 Learning Outcomes 438 Phylum Magnoliophyta—the Flowering 26 Biomes 508 Plants 439 KEY THEME: molecular The Difference between Overview 509 “n” and “x” in Plant Life Cycles 446 Learning Outcome 509 Pollination Ecology 448 Major Biomes of the World 509 Herbaria and Plant Preservation 452 KEY THEME: ecology Alpine Flora as an Indication SUMMARY 455 of Climate Change: The GLORIA Project 514 REVIEW QUESTIONS 455 SUMMARY 518 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 456 REVIEW QUESTIONS 519 ADDITIONAL READING 456 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 519 LEARNING ONLINE 456 ADDITIONAL READING 519 LEARNING ONLINE 519 24 Flowering Plants Appendix 1 Scientific Names of Organisms and Civilization 457 Mentioned in the Text A1 Overview 458 Appendix 2 Biological Controls A20 Learning Outcomes 458 General Controls A20 Origin of Cultivated Plants 458 Specific Controls A22 Selected Families of Flowering Companion Planting A22 Plants 459 Additional Reading A22 Dicots (Now Recognized in Two Appendix 3 Useful and Poisonous Plants, Fungi, Groups) 461 and Algae A26 Monocots 476 Wild Edible Plants, Fungi, and Algae A26 KEY THEME: ecology Wild Rice—More Than Just Poisonous Plants and Fungi A26 Food 478 Medicinal Plants, Fungi, and Algae A26 KEY THEME: ecology Coffee and Caffeine 480 Hallucinogenic Plants A44 SUMMARY 480 Spice Plants A44 REVIEW QUESTIONS 481 Dye Plants A44 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 482 Additional Reading A50 ADDITIONAL READING 482 Appendix 4 House Plants and Home LEARNING ONLINE 482 Gardening A51 25 Growing House Plants A51 Ecology 483 Common House Plants A52 Overview 484 Growing Vegetables A61 Learning Outcomes 484 Common Vegetables and their Nutritional Plants and the Environment 484 Values A62 Life Histories 489 Pruning A67 Natural Cycles 490 Major Types of Grafting A68 Succession 493 Additional Reading A74 KEY THEME: ecology Plant Population Appendix 5 Metric Equivalents and Conversion Tables A75 Ecology 493 Impact of Humans on Plant Appendix 6 Periodic Table of the Elements A77 Communities 498 Loss of Biodiversity 501 Glossary G1 Restoration of the Land 503 Index I1 bid82749_fm_i-xvi.indd viii 11/29/16 06:09 PM Final PDF to printer About the Authors Introductory Plant Biology was originally written by Kingsley R. Stern (1927–2006), who spent more than 40 years as a devoted botanist and teacher. It is estimated that Dr. Stern educated 15,000 students through classroom/laboratory teaching and inspired thou- sands of botanists as the author of this book, which has sold more than 275,000 copies since the first edition was published in 1979. Kingsley’s enthusiasm for the botanical world captivated those around him for many decades. He will long be remembered for his attention to detail and dedication to high standards, along with a refreshing sense of humor. It was always Kingsley’s aspiration that those who read Stern’s Introductory Plant Biology will share his life- long love of botany. Jim Bidlack, Kingsley Stern, and Shelley Jansky at Kingsley’s office residence in Paradise, California. © Jan Monelo In late 1999 and early 2000, Drs. Jim Bidlack and Shelley Jansky joined Kingsley Stern in editing and updating this textbook. They worked with him on several editions and have since carried Dr. Stern’s legacy forward to educate and inspire young bota- nists. This fourteenth edition reflects the same accuracy, content, and enthusiasm of the Stern writing style, along with revi- sions and updates to make it an up-to-date and enjoyable resource and textbook for plant biology. James E. Bidlack Shelley H. Jansky Jim Bidlack received a bachelor of sci- Shelley Jansky received a bachelor’s ence degree in agronomy, with a soil and degree in biology from the University of crop option, from Purdue University in Wisconsin–Stevens Point in 1982, and 1984 and continued his education with a a master of science degree and Ph.D. in master’s degree in crop physiology at the plant breeding and plant genetics from University of Arkansas in 1986. Upon the University of Wisconsin–Madison © James E. Bidlack completing a Ph.D. in plant physiology at © Shelley H. Jansky in 1984 and 1986, respectively. Her Iowa State University in 1990, Jim joined graduate work focused on developing the teaching faculty at the University of Central Oklahoma methods to incorporate genes from wild relatives of potato (UCO) where he is a professor of biology. His first paper was into the cultivated potato. Then, she spent four years as an published from undergraduate research at Purdue University assistant professor at North Dakota State University, teach- on the use of synthetic growth regulators to stimulate seed ger- ing courses in plant breeding and plant propagation, and mination. Subsequent work in Arkansas, Iowa, and Oklahoma performing research in the potato breeding program. She focused on soybean physiology, cell wall chemistry, alterna- taught courses in botany, genetics, and horticulture, and con- tive crops, and photovoltaic cells, as well as teaching respon- tinued to perform potato genetics research at the University sibilities in botany. Equipment and student salaries for Jim’s of Wisconsin–Stevens Point from 1990 until 2004. She research projects have been funded by grants from the National was the chair of the Department of Biology and was pro- Science Foundation and the United States Department moted to associate professor in 1992 and professor in 1995. of Agriculture. About 20 refereed publications, as well as In 2004, she moved to Madison, where she is a research hundreds of abstracts and popular articles, have resulted from geneticist with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and an this work. Jim has been recognized with UCO’s Presidential associate professor in the Department of Horticulture at the Partner’s Excellence in Teaching Award; University Merit University of Wisconsin–Madison. Her research program Awards in Service, Research, and Teaching; the Biology Club focuses on using disease resistance and nutritional quality Teaching Award; and the Pre-Med Teaching Award. Some of genes from wild relatives for the improvement of cultivated Jim’s additional responsibilities have included participation on potato varieties. She received the University of Wisconsin– NSF and USDA review panels, editor of the Biology Discipline Stevens Point Excellence in Teaching Award in 1992 and the for the Multimedia Educational Resource for Learning and University Scholar Award in 2000. She has published 87 ref- Online Teaching (MERLOT), vice president of The Genome ereed research articles and seven book chapters. Registry, and president of Metabolism Foundation. ix bid82749_fm_i-xvi.indd ix 11/29/16 06:09 PM

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Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.