Steps of Foundation of Institutionalized Antarctic Research Proceedings of the 1 SCAR Workshop ...

242 Pages·2007·9.4 MB·English

Berichte ???/ 2007
zur Polar-
und Meeresforschung
Reports
on Polar and Marine Research
Steps of Foundation of Institutionalized Antarctic
Research
st
Proceedings of the 1 SCAR Workshop on the History of
Antarctic Research
Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Munich
(Germany), 2-3 June, 2005
Edited by Cornelia Lüdecke
Rückseite Titelblatt
Steps of Foundation of Institutionalized Antarctic Research
Proceedings of the 1st SCAR Workshop on the History of Antarctic Research
Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Munich (Germany)
2-3 June, 2005
Edited by Cornelia Lüdecke
Ber. Polarforsch. Meeresfor. Xxx (2007)
ISSN 1618-3193
Cornelia Lüdecke, SCAR History Action Group, Valleystrasse 40, D- 81371
Munich, Germany
Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents.......... ................................................................................................I
Figures List....................................................................................................................V
List of Abbreviations...................................................................................................VI
Preface.................................................................................................................iX
Introduction........................................................................................................1
1 The Dawn of Antarctic Consciousnes
J. Berguño............................................................................................................3
1.1 Introduction...................................................................................................3
1.2 Preliminary Remarks on the History of Antarctic Science..............................4
1.3 The Diverse Impact of some Key Disciplines on Antarctic Consciousness....6
1.4 Three Types of Comparative Observations...................................................9
1.5 Implementation of Antarctic Expeditions......................................................12
1.6 The Role of Institutions, Congresses and Societies.....................................15
1.7 References..................................................................................................18
1.7.1 Published material...................................................................................18
1.7.2 Unpublished material...............................................................................22
1.8 Appendix I: Figures of the Southern Consciousness...................................23
1.9 Appendix II: International Geographic Congresses (1871 – 1913)...............25
2 The National Geographic Magazine’s portrayals of Antarctica
Jason Davis........................................................................................................28
2.1 Introduction.................................................................................................28
2.2 Methods......................................................................................................30
2.3 Antarctica as a place of national interest.....................................................32
2.4 Antarctica as a scientific “Laboratory”..........................................................35
2.5 Antarctica as a resource frontier to be exploited..........................................39
2.6 Antarctica as an environmental “World Park” to be preserved.....................41
2.7 Antarctica as an opponent to conquer.........................................................43
2.8 Antarctica as an inspiration of awe and spiritual connection........................45
2.9 Conclusion..................................................................................................46
2.10 References..................................................................................................47
3 History of Antarctic Research: The Australasian Context
David Michael Dodd............................................................................................51
4 Wilhelm Filchner and Antarctica
Helmut Hornik and Cornelia Lüdecke..................................................................52
4.1 Curriculum vitae of Wilhelm Filchner...........................................................52
4.2 Filchner and the Second German Antarctic Expedition 1911-1912..............55
4.2.1 Antarctic Problems at 1910......................................................................55
4.2.2 Main Tasks of the German Antarctic Expedition 1911-1912....................56
4.2.3 The expeditions members.......................................................................56
4.2.4 The "Deutschland" in the Weddell Sea....................................................57
4.2.5 Results....................................................................................................60
4.3 Outlock........................................................................................................61
4.4 References..................................................................................................62
4.5 Appendix: Books written or initiated by W. Filchner.....................................63
4.5.1 Popular Books.........................................................................................63
4.5.2 Scientific Work.........................................................................................63
I
Steps of Foundation – Proceedings of the 1st Workshop of the SCAR History Action Group
5 Argentine Antarctic Science, 1946-1959
Adrian Howkins...................................................................................................64
5.1 Introduction.................................................................................................64
5.2 Historical Background..................................................................................65
5.3 Organizational Structure..............................................................................67
5.4 Antarctic Science.........................................................................................70
5.5 Political Rhetoric..........................................................................................72
5.6 Conclusion..................................................................................................75
5.7 Reference List.............................................................................................75
5.7.1 Unpublished Material...............................................................................75
5.7.2 Published Material...................................................................................76
5.8 Appendix: Chronology of important events1946-1959.................................78
6 The U.S. Antarctic Oversnow Geophysical-Glaciological Research
Program of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) 1957-58, from
the View of a Research Scientist Participant
John C. Behrendt................................................................................................80
6.1 Introduction.................................................................................................81
6.2 Fichner Ice Shelf Traverse, 1957-1958........................................................84
6.3 Oversnow traverse......................................................................................85
6.4 Traverse operations.....................................................................................87
6.5 Crevasses...................................................................................................90
6.6 Seismic and glaciology observations...........................................................91
6.7 Accomplishments........................................................................................93
6.8 Opportunities for Young Scientists in ÍGY....................................................94
6.9 Conclusions.................................................................................................96
6.10 References..................................................................................................97
7 RUSSIA IN THE ANTARCTIC
V.М . Kotlyakov, М .Yu. Moskalevsky, V.V. Lukin, and A. V. Klepikov...................99
8 Georg von Neumayer (1826–1909) - a Pioneer of Antarctic Research
Reinhard A. Krause...........................................................................................112
8.1 References................................................................................................120
9 The Norwegian-British-Swedish Expedition (NBSX) to Antarctica
1949-52 - science and security
Lisbeth Lewander..............................................................................................123
9.1 Introduction...............................................................................................123
9.2 Post-war Scandinavian relations................................................................124
9.3 Hans Ahlmann the instigator of the NBSX.................................................126
9.4 Science and politics – a two way relationship............................................126
9.5 The possibility of complementary representations.....................................128
9.6 Norway and Sweden – the revival of fraternity...........................................130
9.7 Swedish military goes abroad – but not for vacation..................................132
9.8 To secure security – Great Britain.............................................................135
9.9 The general foreign-and security policy framework – Sweden and Polar
Areas.........................................................................................................136
9.10 NBSX – science for security and security cooperation...............................137
9.11 Reference list............................................................................................139
9.11.1 Unpublished Sources.............................................................................139
9.11.2 Published SourCES................................................................................140
9.11.3 Newspapers and Parliament papers......................................................141
II
Contents
10 Swedish non-participation in the Antarctic leg of IGY 1957/58
Aant Elzinga......................................................................................................142
10.1 Introduction...............................................................................................142
10.2 Conceptual frame......................................................................................143
10.3 A door closed in 1959................................................................................146
10.4 Cold War roots of the IGY..........................................................................147
10.5 Sweden’s stake in the IGY.........................................................................149
10.6 Saltsjöbaden 1956 – a neutral site for an Arctic conference......................151
10.7 Ahlmann interests and his departure from academe..................................152
10.8 Rossby’s entry and American style entrepreneurialism..............................154
10.9 The Stockholm Conference 1957 - the beginnings of SCAR......................155
10.10 Conclusion................................................................................................157
10.11 References................................................................................................159
11 Antarctica in the 1980s: subject of international politics
B. Peter Abbink.................................................................................................163
11.1 Introduction...............................................................................................163
11.2 The Antarctic Treaty System.....................................................................165
11.3 Intensifying debate within ATS..................................................................167
11.4 Attack on the Antarctic Treaty System.......................................................169
11.5 Growing support for the Antarctic Treaty System.......................................171
11.6 Growing concern about the Antarctic environment....................................172
11.7 Conclusion................................................................................................174
11.8 Reference list............................................................................................175
12 Dutch involvement in Antarctic research
Johan van Bennekom.......................................................................................178
12.1 Introduction...............................................................................................178
12.2 Discoveries................................................................................................178
12.3 Antarctic Whaling......................................................................................180
12.4 Belgian-Dutch cooperation in research at the King Baudouin Base...........180
12.5 A new - this time multidisciplinary - start....................................................182
12.6 Epilogue....................................................................................................186
12.7 Reference list............................................................................................186
13 The History of Astrophysics in Antarctica
Balthasar T. Indermuehle..................................................................................188
13.1 Abstract.....................................................................................................188
13.2 The Dawn, and into Astrogeology..............................................................188
13.3 High Energy in Antarctica..........................................................................190
13.4 Photon Astronomy.....................................................................................190
13.5 SCAR and Antarctic Astrophysics..............................................................193
13.6 References................................................................................................193
14 Karl Maria Herrligkoffer’s private „German South Pole Expedition“
1957/58: A failed initiative
Cornelia Lüdecke..............................................................................................195
14.1 Introduction...............................................................................................195
14.2 Karl Maria Herrligkoffer..............................................................................196
14.3 Plans for IGY.............................................................................................198
14.4 Searching for support................................................................................198
14.5 Wilhelm Filchner’s role..............................................................................201
14.6 Promotional brochures..............................................................................203
14.7 New agendas............................................................................................206
III
Steps of Foundation – Proceedings of the 1st Workshop of the SCAR History Action Group
14.8 References................................................................................................206
14.8.1 Unpublished material.............................................................................208
14.9 Appendix...................................................................................................210
15 Appendices......................................................................................................211
15.1 Agenda of the 1st SCAR Workshop on the History of Antarctic Research..211
15.2 List of Participants of the 1st SCAR History Workshop in Munich................213
16 Acknowledgement.............................................................................................215
17 Index...................................................................................................................217
IV
Figures List
Figures List
Figure 1-1: One of several plates that illustrate Richard Proctor’s book 23
Figure 1-2: Official Chilean map designed in 1884. 24
Figure 1-3: Map constructed in 1907. 24
Figure 4-1: Wilhelm Filchner 1905. 52
Figure 4-2: Travelling in Central Asia at Filchner’s. 52
Figure 4-3: Spitsbergen 1910, the crew: 53
Figure 4-4: Spitsbergen 1910, crossing the ice field 53
Figure 4-5: Filchner‘s expeditions 1926-28 and 1934-38 to Central Asia 54
Figure 4-6: Map of Antarctica showing Filchner’s Antarctic expedition route 56
Figure 4-8: Some Participants of the 2nd German Antarctic Expedition (1911-1912). 58
Figure 4-9: Whaling station in Leith Harbour at Grytviken on South Georgia). 59
Figure 4-10: Northeast part of the Barrier and Vahsel Bay. 59
Figure 4-11: After the catastrophe on Station Iceberg, 18 February 1912.. 59
Figure 4-12: Dog lines durring ice drift, 7 September 1912 59
Figure 4-13: Status of break-up of part of the barrier, 7 p.m., 24 February 1912 .. 60
Figure 4-14: Sketch of “Deutschland”’s winter quarters in the Wedded Sea. 60
Figure 4-15: Prinzregent Luitpold-Land and the Ice Barrier, 28 February 1912. 61
Figure 5-1: Contemporary Argentine map of the Antarctic Peninsula. 67
Figure 6-1: Map of Southern Weddell Sea - Filchner Ice Shelf area ca. 1956. 82
Figure 6-2: Map of route of Filchner Ice Shelf Traverse, 1957-58. 86
Figure 6-3: AVHRR Satellite Image of Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf. 86
Figure 6-4: Traverse at intermediate station. 88
Figure 6-5: Behrendt operating seismic reflection equipment. 88
Figure 6-6: Sno-Cat and sled broken into hidden bridged crevasse. 90
Figure 6-7: Man trapped in narrow crevasse. 90
Figure 6-8: Geophysicist firing small explosive charge. 91
Figure 6-9: Walker digging snow pit on traverse. 92
Figure 6-10: Hiro Shimizu measuring snow stratigraphy. 92
Figure 6-11: Sno-Cats approaching Dufek Massif 93
Figure 6-12: Map of Antarctic ice-surface topography as known in 1962. 94
Figure 6-13: Map of rock-surface elevations as known in 1962. 95
Figure 7-1: Antarctic stations and field bases of the USSR 1956 –1958. 100
Figure 7-2: Antarctic stations and field bases of the USSR 1959-1969. 102
Figure 7-3: Antarctic stations and field bases of the USSR 1970-1990. 103
Figure 7-4: Antarctic stations and field bases of Russia 2001-2005. 107
Figure 7-5: Antarctic stations and field bases of Russia 2006-2010. 109
Figure 8-1: Neumayer 1852. 113
Figure 10-1: Conceptual schematism showing three interacting levels of agency. 144
Figure 11-1: Number of ATS member countries. 171
Figure 12-1: The voyage in 1616 by Schouten and Lemaire around Cape Hoorn. 179
Figure 12-2: J.J. Zijlstra (1926-1989). 182
Figure 12-3: W. Thomassen (1909-2001). 184
Figure 12-4: Some of the lobbyists for Dutch Antarctic Research in. 185
Figure 13-1: The Adelie Land Meteorite. 189
Figure 13-2: The solar telescope used at the South Pole in December 1979. 191
Figure 13-3: EMILIE, the first Millimetre wavelength telescope in Antarctica. 192
Figure 13-4: The MAPO Building. 192
Figure 14-1: Map of Antarctica depicting Neu-Schwabenland. 197
Figure 14-2: Advance to the South Pole during the IGY 1957/58. 201
Figure 14-3: Herrligkoffer’s map of planned stations during the IGY. 205
V
List of Abbreviations
AARI Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute
ASOC Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition
AT Antarctic Treaty
ATCM Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings
ATS Antarctic Treaty System
AWI Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research
CAE Complex Antarctic Expedition
CCAMLR Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living
Resources
CFC Chlorofluorocarbons
COMNAP Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programms
COSPAR Committee on Space Research
CP Consultative Party
CRAMRA Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource
Activities
CSAGI Comité Speciale de l’Année Geophysique Internationale
DEW Defence Early Warning
EPICA European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica
FRISP Filchner Ronne Ice-Shelf Programme
IAU International Astronomical Union
ICSU International Council of Scientific Unions
IGC International Geophysical Cooperation
IGU International Geographical Union
IGY International Geophysical Year
IMI International Metereological Institute
IPC International Polar Commission
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IRS International Union of Radio Science
IUBS International Union of Biological Sciences
IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources
IUGG International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics
KNAW Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences
KNMI Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute
NBSX Norwegian-British-Swedish Expedition
NCP Non-Consultative Parties
NIOZ Netherlands Institute for Sea Research
NSF National Science Foundation
PYC Polar Year Committee
RAE Russian Antarctic Expedition
RARE Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition
RGS Royal Geographical Society
SCAR Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
SAE Soviet Antarctic Expedition
SAR South African Republic
SCOR Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research
SG Secretary General
VI