Stephen of Pisa and Antioch: Liber Mamonis -- An Introduction to Ptolemaic Cosmology and Astronomy from the Early Crusader States PDF
Preview Stephen of Pisa and Antioch: Liber Mamonis -- An Introduction to Ptolemaic Cosmology and Astronomy from the Early Crusader States
Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences Dirk Grupe Stephen of Pisa and Antioch: Liber Mamonis An Introduction to Ptolemaic Cosmology and Astronomy from the Early Crusader States Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences ManagingEditor JedZ.Buchwald AssociateEditors A.Jones J.Lützen J.Renn AdvisoryBoard C.Fraser T.Sauer A.Shapiro Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences was inaugu- ratedastwoseriesin1975withthepublicationinStudiesofOttoNeugebauer’sseminal three-volume History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy, which remains the central history of the subject. This publication was followed the next year in Sources by Ger- aldToomer’stranscription,translation(fromtheArabic),andcommentaryofDiocleson Burning Mirrors. The two series were eventually amalgamated under a single editorial board led originally by Martin Klein (d. 2009) and Gerald Toomer, respectively two of theforemosthistoriansofmodernandancientphysicalscience.Thegoalofthejointse- ries, as of its two predecessors, is to publish probing histories and thorough editions of technical developments in mathematics and physics, broadly construed. Its scope cov- ers all relevant work from pre-classical antiquity through the last century, ranging from BabylonianmathematicstothescientificcorrespondenceofH.A.Lorentz.Booksinthis series will interest scholars in the history of mathematics and physics, mathematicians, physicists,engineers,andanyonewhoseekstounderstandthehistoricalunderpinningsof themodernphysicalsciences. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/4142 Dirk Grupe Stephen of Pisa and Antioch: Liber Mamonis An Introduction to Ptolemaic Cosmology and Astronomy from the Early Crusader States 123 DirkGrupe Mu¨nchen Bayern,Germany ISSN2196-8810 ISSN2196-8829 (electronic) SourcesandStudiesintheHistoryofMathematicsandPhysicalSciences ISBN978-3-030-19233-4 ISBN978-3-030-19234-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19234-1 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthemate- rialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval, electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterde- veloped. 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Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Thisbookisbasedonthefirstofthetwopartsofmydoctoraldissertation,which was submitted in 2013 under the title The Latin Reception of Arabic Astronomy and Cosmology in Mid-Twelfth-Century Antioch: The Liber Mamonis and the DresdenAlmagest.ThesubjectofthestudywasapairofmedievalLatintextson Ptolemaicastronomywhichhadashorttimeearlierbeenidentifiedastheproducts ofacoordinatedattempttointroduceArabicknowledgefromvariousdisciplines into Latin Europe. Produced in the Crusader principality of Antioch during the secondquarterofthetwelfthcentury,thetextscomprisetheearliest-knownLatin translation of Ptolemy’s Almagest and a related account on Ptolemaic astronomy andcosmology,entitledLiberMamonis,whichwascomposedbyafamoustrans- latorofArabicmedicine,StephenthePhilosopher,alsoknownasStephenofPisa or Stephen of Antioch. With his Liber Mamonis, Stephen of Pisa (and Antioch) produced the first translation, partly revised and richly commented, of the Ara- biccosmographyOntheConfigurationoftheWorldbyIbnal-Haytham(eleventh century). ThepresenteditionaimstomakeStephen’sworkonthecelestialsciencesac- cessibletoawiderreadership.Theeditionisbasedontheonlyknownmanuscript oftheLiberMamonis,MSCambrai,Médiathèqued’Agglomération,A930.When preparing the edition, I was able to make valuable use of an unpublished edition of the Cambrai manuscript by Prof. Richard Lemay (†2004). In the same unpub- lished work, Prof. Lemay also showed for the first time the dependency of the LiberMamonisonIbnal-Haytham’scosmography.Manyoftheemendationsand commentssuggestedbyLemayhavebeenincludedinthepresentbook(indicated in the edition by an attached (L)). Some changes to Lemay’s transcription have been made, mostly in the technical parts of the work. In particular, Stephen’s thoughts about the inferior planets, which largely escaped Lemay’s attention, re- quirednewtreatment. V VI PREFACE For the study of the Liber Mamonis, it is fortunate that the Arabic text of Stephen’s main source, Ibn al-Haytham’s treatise On the Configuration of the World, has been available for some years in a critical edition together with an EnglishtranslationbyProf.TzviLangermann.AmuchawaitedreprintofLanger- mann’s book, with an updated preface, was published in 2016. To facilitate the comparisonoftheLiberMamoniswithStephen’sArabicsource,wherepossible, thenumberingofpassageswhichLangermannappliedtotheArabictexthasbeen insertedinthisedition. AlthoughIbnal-Haytham’sargumentscanbestudiedinEnglishfromLanger- mann’stranslation,atranslationoftheLiberMamonisisanecessaryaddition.One reason is that Stephen does not follow the Arabic wording closely and on many occasionsgivesthetextadifferentmeaningoradifferentcharacter.Anotherrea- sonisthatonlyabouthalfoftheLiberMamonisistakenfromIbnal-Haytham;the other half consists of independent comments which Stephen added to the text. It isoftenintheseadditionstotheworkthattheindividualityofStephen’sthinking becomes apparent, and I hope it will be of interest both to historians specialised inmedievalastronomyandcosmologyandtoawiderreadershipaswell. The second part of my PhD dissertation, on the Dresden Almagest, is cur- rentlyinpreparationtobepublishedasanothervolume.Itcontainsthediscovery of a previously unknown Arabic translation of Ptolemy’s Almagest, which was producedbytheninth-centurymathematicianTha¯bitibnQurra.BasedonaLatin versionofPtolemy’sAlmagestinMSDresden,SLUB,Db.87,Iargueinmydis- sertation that abnormities in this text were not made at random but result from a coherent revision of Ptolemy’s arguments and that these changes were already madeintheArabicsourcetraditionoftheLatinDresdentext.Iarguefurtherthat this revised Arabic Almagest was not an isolated work which incidentally came intothehandsoftheLatintranslator,butithadaninfluencealsoonothers,espe- ciallyArabic,astronomicalworks.Atathirdstage,IprovethatTha¯bitibnQurra was the creator of this revised Almagest; based on this identification, I speculate in my thesis that Tha¯bit ibn Qurra’s Almagest possibly also survived in Arabic, in a fragment in MS Jaipur, Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum Library, 20. Before publishing my edition of the Dresden Almagest, I wished to consult the ArabiccopyinMSJaipur20and,ifpossible,useittoimprovetheeditionofthe Latintext.Whilethishasbecomepossiblerecently,thefirstpartofmythesis,on the Liber Mamonis, has now become the first part to appear in print, and I hope that the second part will follow shortly. For the meantime, I thank the Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum Trust in Jaipur for a most pleasant research stay at the Palace Library, which was offered to Dr. Ma José Parra and me in autumn 2018andduringwhichwecouldextensivelystudytheJaipurAlmagest. PREFACE VII Atthispoint,itismypleasuretoexpressmygratitudetothepeoplewhohave supported my studies and contributed to the realisation of the present book. Im- portanthelpcamefromDr.JosefinaRodríguezArribas,Dr.BarbaraObrist,Prof. Taro Mimura, Prof. José Luis Mancha, Dr. S. Mohammad Mozaffari, Prof. An- dreasKühne,Prof.MensoFolkerts,andothers,whoIthankdeeplyfortheirkind collaboration. Prof. Charles Burnett drew my attention to what would become the subject of my doctoral research. The Deutscher Akademischer Austausch- dienst, the Arts and Humanities Research Council, and the Dr. Günther Findel- Stiftung generously supported my activities as a PhD student. The inclusion of themanuscriptreproductionsinthisbookwasmadepossiblebythekindpermis- sionoftheMédiathèqued’AgglomérationdeCambraiandtheBibliotecaPalatina inParma,nowpartoftheComplessomonumentaledellaPilotta,uponconcession of the Ministero per i Beni e le attività culturali. Despite having a busy schedule as a patent attorney, Dr. Miles Haines kindly accepted to proofread my English translation of the Latin text. My warmest gratitude goes to Dr. Ma José Parra for her unceasing support over the past months when the collected material on the LiberMamoniswasbeingbroughtintoapublishableform. München,Germany DirkGrupe Contents I Introduction 1 1 StudiesinArabicAstronomyintheEarlyCrusaderStates 3 1.1 The Crusader States and the Translation Activities of the TwelfthCentury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 TheAstronomicalWorksfromAntioch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.2.1 RegulecanonisandLiberMamonis . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.2.2 TheLatinTranslationofPtolemy’sAlmagest . . . . . . . 10 1.2.3 GeneralObservations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2 TheLiberMamonis,ItsAuthorandHisMainSource 15 2.1 TheCosmologicalTractinMSCambrai930 . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.1.1 TheManuscript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.1.2 TheLiberMamonisinModernStudies . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2 ‘StephenthePhilosopher’andHisWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.3 TheArabicCosmographyOntheConfigurationoftheWorld . . . 25 2.3.1 TheWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.3.2 CopiesandTranslationsofOntheConfiguration . . . . . 27 3 Stephen’sVersionofOntheConfiguration 31 3.1 TranslationandCommentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.2 Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.2.1 TechnicalTerminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.2.2 Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.3 TechnicalQuality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.3.1 OntheConfiguration,Passages146–48 . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.3.2 OntheConfiguration,Passages178–79 . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.4 Ibnal-Haytham’sDiagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 IX X CONTENTS 4 TheContentandPurposeofStephen’sCommentary 47 4.1 TheAim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4.2 TheCriticismofMacrobius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4.3 CombiningCosmologywithAstronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.4 NewPlanetaryModels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.4.1 TheOscillatingDeferentsofMercuryandVenus . . . . . 57 4.4.2 NestedEpicyclicSpheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.4.3 TheImplicationsofStephen’sPlanetaryModels . . . . . 62 4.5 Non-AstronomicalTeaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.5.1 Aristotelianism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.5.2 TheFloodingoftheNile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.5.3 ANewTheoryoftheSun’sHeat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.5.4 HistoricalConsiderations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.6 AddedDiagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5 Stephen’sAstronomicalSourcesandhisLostReguleCanonis 73 5.1 AstronomicalTraditionsintheLiberMamonis . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.1.1 Ptolemy’sAlmagest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.1.2 Al-Batta¯n¯ı’sS.a¯bi(cid:2)Z¯ıj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5.1.3 AstronomicalParametersintheLiberMamonis . . . . . . 76 5.1.4 TheMumtah.anTradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.1.5 SituationalInfluences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.2 IndependentCalculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 II EditionandTranslation 85 BookI 87 1.1 <PrefacetoBookI> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 1.2 <TheWholeWorld> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 1.3 <TheHeaven> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 1.4 <TheEcliptic> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 BookII 173 2.1 <PrefacetoBookII> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 2.2 <TheInclination> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 2.3 <LongitudesandLatitudes> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 2.4 <TheAltitude> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 2.5 <TheAscendantandtheAscensions> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
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