Step by Step Oral Radiology

448 Pages·2016·9.37 MB·English

Step by Step®
Oral Radiology
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Step by Step®
Oral Radiology
Ram Kumar Srivastava
BSC BDS MDS LLB
Professor and Head
Chandra Dental College and Hospital
Barabanki, UP, India
Ex-Acting Principal
Vinayaka Mission Dental College
Sitapur, UP, India
Ex-Principal
Career Dental College, Lucknow, UP, India
Suyash Dental College, Gorakhpur, UP, India
Foreword
VB Sahai
®
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Step by Step® Oral Radiology
© 2011, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
All rights reserved. No part of this publication and photo CD-ROM should be reproduced, stored
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First Edition: 2011
ISBN 978-93-5025-085-3
Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unit
Printed at
To
My parents
Krishna and Prithwi Nath
whose encouragement and sacrifice
helped to take it all possible.
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In dentistry, as in medicine, a
thorough pre-treatment exami-
nation is usually incomplete
unless the clinical findings are
supplemented by visual infor-
mation obtained from images
produced through the use of
ionizing radiation.
In today’s modern dental
practice, examination of the teeth and their supporting
osseous structures without the use of radiographs is
unimaginable. Indeed, two-dimensional radiographic
images of teeth and bones of the jaws have become
the lynchpin on which the diagnosis of all oro-dental
diseases hinges. In addition to radiography, MRI,
scintigraphy and sonography have also become
indispensable tools in the hands of a discerning dental
diagnostician.
Although dental radiography has been in vogue
for over a century, the importance of both patient and
operator protection is often overlooked in the dental
environment. Modern advances, e.g. digital radio-
graphy and radiovisiography has made a significant
contribution in reducing exposure, saving time and
improving quality of the images.
This timely text on “Oral Radiology” authored by
Dr Ram Kumar Srivastava is a step forward in
fulfilling the lacuna being felt by dental students for
an “easy-to-understand” book on this subject. It will
viii STEP BY STEP ORAL RADIOLOGY
also find its niche in the education and training of
dental hygienists, radiology technicians and dental
assistants. I am sure that practicing dentists of all
specialties will also find this book useful as it provides
important advice and clinical tips on radiographic
techniques and diagnosis.
I congratulate the author on his endeavor and wish
him success.
VB Sahai
Vice-Chancellor
Subharti University
Meerut, UP, India
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The aims and objectives of the book Step by Step Oral
Radiology is to provide a basic and practical knowledge
in the subject of dental radiography required by
undergraduate and postgraduate dental students. I
have simplified and condensed very large and
complex subject. The book is containing the text along
with the diagrams and photographs for better
understanding of the topics.
I have covered all the diseases related with the
teeth and jaws and their normal appearance in
radiographs.
Imaging in dentistry is now recently introduced
as a new technology into everyday clinical practice.
Digital imaging including cone beam CT, MRI, ultra
sonography, scintigraphy is included in the book.
This book is according to the syllabus of Dental
Council of India. The contents of the book satisfy the
requirement of most undergraduate and postgraduate
dental students from examination point of view.
I hope this book gives a clear, logical and easily
understandable text that make a positive contribution
to the teaching and learning of dental radiology.
Ram Kumar Srivastava
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This book has only been possible with enormous
amount of help and encouragement from my family
and colleagues.
Firstly, I would like to give grateful thanks to
Dr Anil Kohli who has given advise in specific
chapters. My special thanks also to Dr PN Awasthi,
Secretary DCI and Dr VB Sahai, Vice-Chancellor,
Subharti University, Meerut, for their help and
comments. I am fortunate to work with such able and
efficient personalities.
I am grateful to Dr Ashish Asthana, Dr Mohit Seth,
Dr Vikram Ahuja and students of Career Dental
College, Lucknow, Chandra Dental College, Barabanki
and Dental faculty of CCMV Lucknow for diagrams,
photographs and help in the production process.
Special thanks to my wife Surabhi, son Syamantak,
Swapnil and brothers Sudhir and Krishan without
their help this project would never have been
completed.
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1.Introduction 1
2.Atomic Structure 5
3.X-ray Image Characteristics 35
4.Dose Units and Dosimetry 53
5.Biological Effects 57
6.Factors Controlling X-ray Beam 73
7.Film Mounting 85
8.Infection Control in Dental Radiography 93
9.Characteristics of Radiographic Film 103
10.Film Processing 107
11.Dental X-ray Film Composition 137
12.Extraoral Radiography 149
13.Radiographic Techniques 167
14.Bitewing and Occlusal Radiography 205
15.Panoramic Radiography (Pantomography) 221
16.Cephalometric Radiography 239
17.Radiography of the Temporomandibular
Joint 249
18.Normal Anatomical Structures in Radiographs:
Intraoral Radiographs 259
xiv STEP BY STEP ORAL RADIOLOGY
19.Maxillofacial Imaging 283
20.Benign and Malignant Tumors of the Jaw 315
21.Diseases of Bone 323
22.Preoperative Radiographic Assessment
of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars
and Canines 341
23.Radiopaque Lesions in the Jaws 357
24.Radiolucent Lesions of the Jaws 375
25.Developmental Anomalies of Teeth
and Facial Skeleton 397
26.Dental Caries 417
27.Periodontal Disease 427
Index 439