Stem cells and cancer PDF
Preview Stem cells and cancer
Sadhan Majumder Editor Stem Cells and Cancer 1 3 Editor SadhanMajumder TheUniversityofTexasM.D.Anderson CancerCenter Houston,Texas,USA [email protected] ISBN978-0-387-89610-6 e-ISBN978-0-387-89611-3 DOI10.1007/978-0-387-89611-3 SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009921165 #SpringerScienceþBusinessMedia,LLC2009 Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewritten permissionofthepublisher(SpringerScienceþBusinessMedia,LLC,233SpringStreet,NewYork, NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Usein connectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computer software,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,evenifthey arenotidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyare subjecttoproprietaryrights. Whiletheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateof going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibilityforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty, expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedherein. Coverillustration:PhotographsprovidedbyGu,Colman,LangandMajumder. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScienceþBusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Contents StemCellsandCancer:AnIntroduction .......................... 1 StewartSell MolecularRegulationoftheStateofEmbryonicStemCells........... 33 YukoFujiwaraandStuartH.Orkin MicroRNAsinStemCellsandCancerStemCells................... 61 SanjayK.Singh,MohamediN.Kagalwala,andSadhanMajumder CancerStemCellsandMetastasis:EmergingThemesandTherapeutic Implications................................................ 91 LeahOwens,BenjaminTiede,andYibinKang StemCellsinLeukemiaandOtherHematologicalMalignancies ....... 111 MhairiCopland,AlisonM.Michie,andTessaL.Holyoake ProstateCancerStemCells.................................... 137 ElaineM.Hurt,GeorgeJ.Klarmann,BrianT.Kawasaki, NimaSharifi,andWilliamL.Farrar BreastCancerStemCells ..................................... 167 BertGoldandMichaelDean StemCellsandLungCancer ................................... 193 AdamYagui-Beltra´n,BiaoHe,andDavidM.Jablons CancerStemCellsinColorectalCancer .......................... 223 LouisVermeulen,JanPaulMedema,JamesC.H.Hardwick,and GijsR.vandenBrink CancerStemCellsandSkinCancer ............................. 251 CaterinaA.M. LaPorta v vi Contents LineageRelationshipsConnectingGerminalRegionstoBrainTumors... 269 NaderSanaiandArturoAlvarez-Buylla Index..................................................... 287 Contributors ArturoAlvarez-Buylla NeurosurgeryResearch,UniversityofCaliforniaSan Francisco,SanFrancisco,California,USA GijsR.vandenBrink DepartmentofGastroenterology&Hepatology,Leiden UniversityMedicalCenter,Leiden,TheNetherlands MhairiCopland FacultyofMedicine,UniversityofGlasgow,Glasgow, Scotland,UK MichaelDean HumanGeneticsSection,LaboratoryofExperimental Immunology,CancerInflammationProgram,CenterforCancerResearch, NCI-Frederick,Frederick,Maryland,USA WilliamL.Farrar LaboratoryofCancerPrevention,NCI-Frederick, Frederick,Maryland,USA YukoFujiwara Children’sHospital,DivisionofHematology/Oncology, HarvardMedicalSchool/HowardHughesMedicalInstitute,Boston, Massachusetts,USA BertGold HumanGeneticsSection,LaboratoryofExperimental Immunology,CancerInflammationProgram,CenterforCancerResearch, NCI-Frederick,Frederick,Maryland,USA JamesC.H.Hardwick DepartmentofGastroenterology&Hepatology, LeidenUniversityMedicalCenter,Leiden,TheNetherlands BiaoHe DepartmentofSurgery,UCSFHelenDillerFamilyComprehensive CancerCenter,UniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco,SanFrancisco, California,USA TessaL.Holyoake SectionofExperimentalHematology,FacultyofMedicine, UniversityofGlasgow,Glasgow,Scotland,UK ElaineM.Hurt CancerStemCellSection,LaboratoryofCancerPrevention, CenterforCancerResearch,NationalCancerInstituteatFrederick,National InstitutesofHealth,Frederick,Maryland,USA vii viii Contributors DavidM.Jablons DepartmentofSurgery,UniversityofCaliforniaSan FranciscoCancerCentre,SanFrancisco,California,USA MohamediN.Kagalwala DepartmentofGenetics,LaboratoryofGenetics, SalkInstituteforBiologicalStudies,LaJolla,California,USA YibinKang DepartmentofMolecularBiology,PrincetonUniversity, Princeton,NewJersey,USA BrianT.Kawasaki CancerStemCellSection,LaboratoryofCancer Prevention,CenterforCancerResearch,NationalCancerInstituteat Frederick,NationalInstitutesofHealth,Frederick,Maryland,USA GeorgeJ.Klarmann BasicResearchProgram,SAIC-Frederick,Inc., NCI-Frederick,Frederick,Maryland,USA SadhanMajumder TheUniversityofTexasM.D.AndersonCancerCenter, Houston,Texas,USA JanPaulMedema LaboratoryforExperimentalOncologyandRadiobiology (LEXOR),CenterforExperimentalMolecularMedicine(CEMM),Academic MedicalCenter,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands JohnMendelsohn TheUniversityofTexasM.D.AndersonCancerCenter, Houston,Texas,USA AlisonM.Michie SectionofExperimentalHematology,FacultyofMedicine, UniversityofGlasgow,Glasgow,Scotland,UK StuartH.Orkin DepartmentofPediatricOncology,Children’sHospital Boston,DanaFaberCancerInstitute,HarvardMedicalSchool,Howard HughesMedicalInstitute,Boston,Massachusetts,USA LeahOwens DepartmentofMolecularBiology,PrincetonUniversity, Princeton,NewJersey,USA CaterianA.M.LaPorta DepartmentofBiomolecularScienceand Biotechnology,UniversityofMilan,Italy NaderSanai InstituteforRegenerationMedicineandDepartmentof NeurologicalSurgery,UniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco,SanFrancisco, California,USA StewartSell WadsworthCenter,OrdwayResearchInstitute,Universityat Albany,Albany,NewYork,USA NimaSharifi DivisionofHematology/Oncology,UniversityofTexas SouthwesternMedicalCenter,Dallas,Texas,USA SanjayK.Singh DepartmentofGenetics,TheUniversityofTexasM.D. AndersonCancerCenter,Houston,TX,USA Contributors ix BenjaminTiede DepartmentofMolecularBiology,PrincetonUniversity, Princeton,NewJersey,USA LouisVermeulen LaboratoryforExperimentalOncologyandRadiobiology (LEXOR),CenterforExperimentalMolecularMedicine(CEMM),Academic MedicalCenter,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands AdamYagui-Beltra´n DepartmentofSurgery,UCSFHelenDillerFamily ComprehensiveCancerCenter,UniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco,San Francisco,California,USA Introduction to Stem Cells and Cancer Weshallnotceasefromexploration Andtheendofallourexploring Willbetoarrivewherewestarted Andknowtheplaceforthefirsttime. T.S.Eliot,FourQuartets Theconceptofastemcellisnotnewtothebiologistormedicalresearcher.We keep coming back to this concept, periodically, each time with a renewed sophistication based on advances in knowledge and technology. But for scientists,unlikeEliot,thecycleofexplorationneverends. The cell theory developed in the early 1800s was formally applied to the problem of cancer by Johannes Muller and his pupil, Rudolf Virchow, who proposedthatcancerarisesfromembryo-likecellsin1855(HaggardandSmith 1938;Virchow1855). ItwasacenturylaterthatTillandMcCulloch(1961)describedatechniquefor detecting a small population of hematopoietic cells present in murine marrow whichcouldformcoloniesinthespleenwheninjectedintoirradiatedmice.These cellswereshowntohavethecapacitybothtoself-renewandtodifferentiateinto maturehematopoieticcells–dualqualitiesthatdefineastemcell. Theclonalityofthesecellswhichcouldformcoloniesinthespleenwassoon established using genetic techniques (Wu et al. 1967). Methods for studying colony-forming hematopoietic cells were extended to in vitro cell culture by BradleyandMetcalf(1966),greatlyenhancingthecapacitytostudycellswith stemcellproperties.Thisapproachwasextendedtocancercells,culminatingin ageneralassay reportedbyHamburgerandSalmon (1977).Inthemeantime, theclonalityofhumancancerhadbeenestablishedthroughstudiesofgenetic markersinhumancancercellpopulations(Fialkow1974). A seminal publication by Nowell in 1977 brought together evidence from a varietyofsourcesandraisedthehypothesisthatthemalignantclonefromwhich acanceroriginatesmaychangeinitscapacitytogrowandmetastasizeasaresult ofaccumulatedgeneticmutations,whichproducecancercellsthatdominatethe tumorcellpopulationthroughanaturalselectionprocess(Nowell1976). xi xii IntroductiontoStemCellsandCancer During the next few decades cell surface markers for identifying stem cells were discovered, and separation methods using flow cytometry enabled collection of purified stem cells in quantities that could be studied. In 1994 Dick and his colleagues formally demonstrated that murine acute myeloid leukemias contain a minority population of cells with stem cell markers and properties, which can be propagated when transferred to other mice and can generatealeukemiccondition(Lapidotetal.1994;Hopeetal.2004).Thiswas the first formaldemonstration that the hierarchical organization of stem cells and differentiated cells observed in the normal hematopoietic system also characterizestheorganizationofcancercellswithinatumor. This observation was followed nearly a decade later by Clarke’s demonstration of stem cells in a subpopulation isolated by flow cytometry from human breast cancers (Al-Hajj et al. 2003). After this, a sequence of studies rapidly demonstrated the presence of stem cells in a variety of human cancers (Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2008). Many of these discoveries are reportedandelaborateduponinthisvolume. Today, the evidence from many experts supports the concept that the differentiated cells in normal tissues originate from stem cells, and the concept that a malignant tumor originates from a cell with cancer stem cell qualities. What remains to be understood is whether cancer stem cells are derived from normal tissue stem cells, or whether mutations and altered gene expressioninmoredifferentiatedcellscanresultingenerationofacancercell withstemcellcapabilities,orboth. The latter model entails the view that differentiated cells have plasticity which enables them to assume stem cell characteristics if appropriate genes areexpressed.Twolinesofrecentresearchfindingsprovideevidencethatthis modelofthegenesisofcancerstemcellsisworthyofseriousconsideration. Recently several laboratories have demonstrated that introduction of just fouractivegenesintoamaturedifferentiatedcellcanconvertitintoacellwith embryonicstemcellcharacteristics(TakahashiandYamanak2006;Takahashi etal.2007;Yuetal.2007). Even more intriguing from the viewpoint of this volume are recent studies exploring the transitions that occur in cancer cells which are undergoing the processofinvadingandmetastasizingfromaprimarysitetoadistantsiteinthe patient. In this case, cancer cells with some differentiated characteristics which identify them as arising in a particular epithelial tissue (e.g., colon cancer) undergoanepithelial–mesenchymaltransition(EMT)whicharmsthemwithnew characteristics that include the capacity to invade other tissues and metastasize. Thesecells,withacquiredmesenchymalcellcapabilities,havebeenshowntodisplay markers and characteristics of stem cells (e.g., CD44) and to lose markers and characteristicsofepithelialcells.Oncetheyhavereachedahospitableenvironment whichprovidesthenecessarygrowth-promotingmoleculesandnolongerproduces EMT-inducingsignals,thesemalignantcellswithstemcellcharacteristicsundergoa reverse mesenchymal–epithelial transition and form a new mass of cancer cells whichhavetheformerlydisplayedepithelialcharacteristics.
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