Steel Construction Manual

404 Pages·2000·28.044 MB·English

by  Helmut C. Schulitz, Werner Sobek, Karl J. Habermann

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Steel
Construction
Manual
SCHULITZ
SOBEK
HABERMANN
BIRKHÄUSER – PUBLISHERS FOR ARCHITECTURE
BASEL • BOSTON • BERLIN
EDITION DETAIL
MÜNCHEN
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The original German edition of this book was conceived and developed by
∂, Review of Architecture.
Authors:
Helmut C. Schulitz
Prof. Dipl.-Ing., architect
Head of the Institute for Building Structures and Industrial Design, Braunschweig Technical University
Werner Sobek
Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Head of the Institute for Lightweight Structures, Stuttgart University
Karl J. Habermann
Dr.-Ing.
Architect and technical writer
Assistants:
Stefan Schäfer, Dipl.-Ing.; Martin Siffling, Dipl.-Ing.
Thomas Müller, Volker Rohweder, Britta Schmähring, Thies Wachter
Published by:
Institut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH, Munich
Editorial services:
Karl J. Habermann, Dr.-Ing.; Christian Schittich, Dipl.-Ing.
Susanne Funk M.A.; Johanna Reichel-Vossen, Dipl.-Ing.
Drawings:
Marion Griese, Dipl.-Ing.
Translators (German/English):
Gerd Söffker, Philip Thrift, Hannover
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress,
Washington, D.C., USA
Deutsche Bibliothek – Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Steel construction manual / [publ. by: Institut für Internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH, Munich].
Schulitz ; Sobek ; Habermann. [Transl.(German/Engl.): Gerd Söffker; Philip Thrift]. – Basel ; Boston ; Berlin : Birkhäuser;
München : Ed. Detail, 2000
Einheitsacht.: Stahlbau-Atlas <engl.>
ISBN 3-7643-6181-6
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically
the right of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways,
and storage in data banks. For any kind of use, permission of the copyright owner must be obtained.
This book is also available in a German language edition.
© 2000 Birkhäuser – Publishers for Architecture, P.O. Box 133, CH-4010 Basel, Switzerland
Printed on acid-free paper produced from chlorine-free pulp. TCF ∞
Printed in Germany
ISBN 3-7643-6181-6
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Contents
Part 1 • The history of steel construction 8 Part 3 • Steel construction technology 100 Part 5 • The formation of structures by
assembling primary components 166
Karl J. Habermann Werner Sobek with Stefan Schäfer
Werner Sobek with Stefan Schäfer
Lines of evolution in building with Surface treatments 102
iron and steel 10 Anti-corrosion measures 104 The formation of structures by
Iron: the material of the Fire protection 111 assembling primary components 168
Industrial Revolution 12 Thermal insulation 114 The loadbearing structure as part
Educating for iron 16 Sound insulation in steelwork 114 of the whole construction 168
200 years of jointing and styling with Erection and dismantling 115 Loads and forces 173
iron and steel 21 Recycling 119 Structures: stability, serviceability
Cast iron elements – and design 182
Columns, beams, arches 22 Two-dimensional loadbearing systems 185
Suspended constructions – Three-dimensional frames and continua 209
Chains, rods, cables, nets 30 Part 4 • Shaping and connecting semi-
The principle of the truss – finished products to form primary
Wrought iron as a prerequisite 38 components 120
The truss as a beam – Part 6 • Built examples 224
Trusses in multistorey construction 44 Werner Sobek with Stefan Schäfer
Beams in bending – Helmut C. Schulitz with Martin Siffling
Rigid frame, braced frame, “tube” 56
Building systems from Paxton to Fuller 64 Shaping and connecting semifinished Built examples in detail
Synopsis of developments 74 products to form primary components 122 Overview of examples 1-54 226
Jointing and connecting:
the different types of construction 122
Elementary stresses and strains:
Part 2 • The material steel 78 linear members 142 Appendix 388
Elementary stresses and strains:
Werner Sobek with Stefan Schäfer planar members 152 References 388
The detailing of openings and the Directives and standards for
transfer of forces 155 structural steelwork 392
The material and its manufacture 80 The subsoil as part of the construction: Index 401
Turning the material into foundations for steel structures 159 Picture credits 404
semifinished products 83
The subsequent processing and
machining of the semifinished products 90
The properties of steel 94
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Preface
“Iron is the best tool in life and at the same time the worst. It gives us the
power to turn the soil, plant trees, cut hedgerows and harvest the
grapes; it helps us build dwellings and dress the stones. We need iron
for many useful tasks. But also for war, plunder and murder. ... For when
we breathe life into iron, we give Death wings.”
Pliny the Elder, 1st century AD
Since it became widely available at the begin- not treated according to categories of use, as made solutions but rather as a basis for
ning of the 19th century, steel has had a funda- was typical in the past, but instead – for the designs and details which then have to be
mental effect on the whole evolution of archi- first time and parallel with the following chap- developed further.
tecture. Whereas the master-builders of earlier ters covering the fundamentals – according to
times could only employ – apart from timber – construction principles, along individual lines Only with the help of numerous colleagues at
materials capable of being loaded in compres- of evolution. Another essential aspect of the home and overseas was it possible to assem-
sion, which restricted spans quite drastically, presentation of the historical sequence of ble the wealth of information presented in this
this new material suddenly opened up a whole events is the step-by-step approach to the cur- book. A special debt of gratitude is owed to
new vista of possibilities in terms of length of rent construction scene. Only in this way does Rainer Graefe, Theodor Hugues, Bertrand Le-
span and height of buildings. historical knowledge gained from experience moine, Werner Lorenz, Ted Ruddock, Christian
The old building forms, which had evolved remain fresh and useful. A wealth of original Schädlich and Eberhard Schunck for their help
over centuries from the constraints imposed by quotations underpin the bid to achieve a high with the history of steel.
the constructional options, lost their credibility degree of authenticity. Sigfried Giedions, in his Likewise, we would like to thank Stefan Schäfer
overnight. For instance, the realization of the famous book Bauen in Frankreich, Bauen in for his help with the fundamentals of the mater-
basilica form in iron at the turn of the century Eisen, Bauen in Eisenbeton, published in1928, ial as well as Martin Siffling, Thomas Müller,
illustrates the gulf between the traditional forms posed a thesis which may well serve to illu- Volker Rohweder, Britta Schmäring and Thies
and the new, as yet unexplored, possibilities. strate this point ideally: “The purpose of iron is: Wachter for their assistance with the chapter
This is well demonstrated by the Notre Dame to condense high loadbearing ability to the on examples, all of whom showed great com-
du Travail Church in Paris. slimmest of dimensions. ... Iron opens up space. mitment towards the production of this book.
The wall can become a transparent glass skin.
Construction technology today tempts us to ... This leads to new laws of design.”Such The Authors
aim for ever greater achievements and new aspects of the aesthetics of open steelwork
building forms. The reaction to this is the grow- have remained a topic of architectural debate
ing regret that obligations which applied in the to this day.
past are today no longer taken into account, In the following chapters of this book, the fun-
often leading to a certain arbitrariness of build- damentals of steel construction are linked with
ing forms determining our urban surroundings. the built examples in chapter 6, thereby under-
In engineering terms there are almost no limits lining the claim of an integrated overall review.
to what is possible with steel in the construc- The chapters on the fundamentals have been
tion sector; we can build anything – even the completely recast in the form of a textbook on
absurd! For architectural design this results in steel construction. For the sake of clarity, terms
the problem that architects, relying on the fact are introduced which have long since been
that anything is feasible, leave it to the struc- standard in other sectors of the steel industry.
tural engineer to make the conception build- “Built examples”covers projects which have
able. But the structural engineer is not usually been realized. These cover the whole gamut of
a planner of structures, and only such a plan- structural steelwork, from simple sheds and
ner would work with the architect from the start multistorey buildings to complicated structures
to devise an intelligent solution. and skyscrapers.
The authors of this new edition of the Steel
Construction Manualsee it as their task to The approach chosen – a historical analysis
demonstrate the synthesis between design followed by the fundamentals reflecting the
and construction, to formulate clearly the current situation and, finally, practical applica-
design obligations which arise from the mater- tions of the engineering principles outlined in
ial and the complete spectrum of its use from an extensive collection of examples – has long
production to erection. Our task is not simply to since become standard for the construction
record everything that has become routine in manuals of the Edition DETAILseries. This
today’s structural steelwork and present that as manual represents a comprehensive work of
“standard”but rather to describe a selection of reference on structural steelwork, providing
constructional forms that appear sound, above important information on design and construc-
all in terms of reducing use of material and tion for practising architects and engineers as
construction work to a minimum. well as teachers and students. However, we
Right from the start of the book, the “History of should point out that both the fundamentals
steel construction”, historical developments are and the examples are not to be seen as ready-
008-119 Text Teil 1 8.3.2000 18:40 Uhr Seite 8
Part 1 • The history of steel construction
Karl J. Habermann
Lines of evolution in building
with iron and steel
Iron:
the material of the Industrial Revolution
Educating for iron
200 years of jointing and styling
with iron and steel
Cast iron elements
Columns, beams, arches
Suspended constructions
Chains, rods, cables, nets
The principle of the truss
Wrought iron as a prerequisite
The truss as a beam
Trusses in multistorey construction
Beams in bending
Rigid frame, braced frame, “tube”
Building systems
from Paxton to Fuller
Synopsis of developments
“La Tour de 300 mètres”,
Paris 1889, Gustave Eiffel
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The history of steel construction
Lines of evolution in building with 1.1 St Peter’s in Rome, peripheral iron tie beam in the
iron and steel dome, Michelangelo, after Josef Durm,
Handbuch der Architektur, 1905
1.2 “Iron houses”, Allgemeine Bauzeitung, Vienna, 1845
1.1
“The first iron dwellings were portable houses brief résumé of the most significant stations en
produced in England and intended for her route:
colonies. Owing to the strength of the individ- The Greeks were already using iron clamps to
ual parts and the simplicity of their connec- secure large square stones in their temples in
tions, these houses were able to withstand fire the 5th century BC, a technique that was later
and earthquake as well as attack by wood- imitated by the Romans.
worm, prevalent in hot countries and spread- Iron tie rods were employed during the build-
ing destruction at an alarming rate. The only ing of the massive vaults of the Hagia Sophia
trouble with these buildings was that their walls in Constantinople (532-37).
consisted of simple metal sheets; in the heat of Whereas the structures of the Romanesque
the blazing sun, these quickly became so hot period managed almost completely without
that to remain in such houses must have been iron, the Gothic age included buildings which
unbearable.”1 could not have been built without this material.
Windows and tracery were skilfully stabilized
This quotation from an article in an 1845 issue with the help of iron bars, the vaults anchored
of Allgemeine Bauzeitung– the author is an- with tie rods of wrought iron. The most promi-
onymous – provides an interesting insight into nent domes of the 16th and 17th centuries rely
the situation in the early days of iron construc- on anchors, indeed even complete peripheral
tion. Fascinated by the engineering possibili- tie beams made of iron (Michelangelo included
ties of this new material and encouraged by six such beams in his design for St Peter’s in
the fact that the material was obviously avail- Rome in 1546 – six more had to be added in
able in sufficient quantities, a sort of industrial 1743-48).
prefabrication for export purposes com- The engineer-architects of the Renaissance
menced, albeit rather prematurely. The local and Baroque used this valuable material pri-
climatic conditions were not examined ade- marily as reinforcement, mainly concealed. In
quately and the building science aspects designs employing a combination of iron and
ignored. This approach is not unusual. Even stone or iron and timber, the iron components
today, development aid employing European accommodate the tensile forces, to a lesser
technology is implemented in construction pro- extent shear forces too, while the stone resists
jects with a total disregard for local resources compressive forces. As we can see, the roots
and methods – with disastrous consequences of reinforced concrete theory go back an
1.2
for those affected. The corrugated iron hut per- astoundingly long way!
sists as a symbol of inappropriate development
policies. Only in recent years do we see posi- The availability of iron in sufficiently large
tive approaches: Glen Murcutt is undertaking quantities of adequate quality was a key factor
building projects for the Australian aborigines for the emergence of an autonomous construc-
which use current methods of production and tion technology. A style of architecture in which
carefully planned combinations of materials, iron played a chief role was only able to estab-
but not without first analysing in detail the cli- lish itself in line with the step-by-step develop-
mate and lifestyle of his clients. ment of correspondingly efficient components
(accommodation of compressive and tensile
The special properties of iron make it a valu- forces) and jointing techniques. The smelting
able material and thoroughly indispensable in of iron by means of charcoal was constrained
modern construction. Only improper process- for a long time due to the lack of efficiency in
ing and application lead to problems. Iron has the process. Only after lengthy trials in the mid-
always played a dominant role in the course of 18th century rendered it possible to smelt iron
history, although rather less frequently in its ore by means of pit coal converted into coke
peaceful uses as a raw material for jewellery, were the signals set for the widespread use of
tools or farm implements. The technical possi- iron as an engineering material in buildings.
bilities of its development have by no means
been exhausted.
The history of building throws up a myriad of
applications throughout the ages. Here is a
10