NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-191 Status Review of the Ribbon Seal (Histriophoca fasciata) by P. L. Boveng, J. L. Bengtson, T. W. Buckley, M. F. Cameron, S. P. Dahle, B. A. Megrey, J. E. Overland, and N. J. Williamson U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Alaska Fisheries Science Center December 2008 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS The National Marine Fisheries Service's Alaska Fisheries Science Center uses the NOAA Technical Memorandum series to issue informal scientific and technical publications when complete formal review and editorial processing are not appropriate or feasible. Documents within this series reflect sound professional work and may be referenced in the formal scientific and technical literature. The NMFS-AFSC Technical Memorandum series of the Alaska Fisheries Science Center continues the NMFS-F/NWC series established in 1970 by the Northwest Fisheries Center. The NMFS-NWFSC series is currently used by the Northwest Fisheries Science Center. This document should be cited as follows: Boveng, P. L., J. L. Bengtson, T. W. Buckley, M. F. Cameron, S. P. Dahle, B. A. Megrey, J. E. Overland, and N. J. Williamson. 2008. Status review of the ribbon seal (Histriophoca fasciata). U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-191, 115 p. Reference in this document to trade names does not imply endorsement by the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-191 Status Review of the Ribbon Seal (Histriophoca fasciata) by P. L. Boveng 1, J. L. Bengtson 1, T. W. Buckley 1, M. F. Cameron 1, S. P. Dahle 1, B. A. Megrey 1, J. E. Overland 2, and N. J. Williamson 1 1 Alaska Fisheries Science Center 7600 Sand Point Way NE Seattle, WA 98115 www.afsc.noaa.gov 2Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research 7600 Sand Point Way NE Seattle, WA 98115 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration William J. Brennan, Acting Under Secretary and Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service James W. Balsiger, Acting Assistant Administrator for Fisheries December 2008 This document is available to the public through: National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 www.ntis.gov STATUS REVIEW OF THE RIBBON SEAL (Histriophoca fasciata) Prepared and Edited by: The 2008 Ribbon Seal Biological Review Team Peter L. Boveng1 (Chair), John L. Bengtson1, Troy W. Buckley1, Michael F. Cameron1, Shawn P. Dahle1, Bernard A. Megrey1, James E. Overland2, and Neal J. Williamson1 With Contributions by: Dee M. Allen1, James N. Ianelli1, Josh M. London1, Phyllis J. Stabeno2, and James M. Wilder3 1 Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 2 Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 3 Alaska Regional Office, National Marine Fisheries Service, 222 West 7th Ave., Anchorage, AK 99513 19 December 2008 CONTENT Content ....................................................................................................................................................... vii Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... ix 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Species Background .............................................................................................................................. 2 2.1 Taxonomy and Phylogeny ................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Species Description ............................................................................................................................. 3 2.3 Ecological Adaptations ........................................................................................................................ 5 2.4 Behavior .............................................................................................................................................. 6 2.5 Distribution, Habitat Use, and Movements ........................................................................................ 6 2.6 Life History ........................................................................................................................................ 11 2.7 Vital Parameters ................................................................................................................................ 16 2.8 Feeding Habits ................................................................................................................................... 17 2.9 Historic and Current Abundance and Trends .................................................................................... 22 3 Species Delineation ............................................................................................................................. 25 3.1 Evaluation of Discreteness ................................................................................................................ 25 3.2 Determination of Species/Distinct Population Segments ................................................................. 25 4 Extinction Risk Assessment ................................................................................................................. 26 4.1 Time Frame: The Foreseeable Future ............................................................................................... 26 4.2 Analysis of Demographic Risks .......................................................................................................... 28 4.2.1 Abundance ................................................................................................................................. 28 4.2.2 Productivity ................................................................................................................................ 29 4.2.3 Spatial Structure ......................................................................................................................... 30 4.2.4 Diversity ..................................................................................................................................... 31 4.2.5 Relevant Modifying or Mitigating Factors ................................................................................. 32 4.2.6 Discussion of Demographic Risks and Needed Research ........................................................... 33 4.3 Analysis of Factors Listed Under Section 4(a)(1) of the Endangered Species Act ............................ 33 4.3.1 Present or Threatened Destruction, Modification, or Curtailment of the Species’ Habitat or Range .................................................................................................................................................. 33 4.3.2 Over‐utilization for Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or Educational Purposes ................. 53 vii 4.3.3 Diseases, Parasites, and Predation ............................................................................................ 57 4.3.4 Inadequacy of Existing Regulatory Mechanisms ........................................................................ 65 4.3.5 Other Natural or Human Factors Affecting the Species’ Continued Existence .......................... 69 4.3.6 Discussion of Factors and the Species’ Response to Threats .................................................... 80 4.4 Conclusions of the Extinction Risk Assessment ................................................................................ 83 5 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................... 87 6 Literature Cited ................................................................................................................................... 89 7 Appendix 1: Estimates of Current Ribbon Seal Abundance .............................................................. 109 7.1 Field Methods ................................................................................................................................. 109 7.2 Analysis ........................................................................................................................................... 109 8 Appendix 2: Glossary of Abbreviations ............................................................................................. 114 viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This status review is intended to be a compilation of the best available information concerning the status of ribbon seals (Histriophoca fasciata), including the past, present, and future threats to this species. It was compiled by a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Biological Review Team (BRT) in response to a petition filed by the Center for Biological Diversity to list the ribbon seal as threatened or endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) (ESA), primarily due to concern about threats to this species’ habitat from climate warming and loss of sea ice. There are two key tasks associated with conducting an ESA status review: The first is to delineate the taxonomic group under consideration; the second is to conduct an extinction risk assessment to determine whether the petitioned species is threatened or endangered. The ESA defines the term endangered species as “any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range”. The term threatened species is defined as “any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range”. The horizon of the foreseeable future was determined to be the year 2050 because past and current emissions of greenhouse gases have already largely set the course for changes in the atmosphere and climate until that time, and because of enormous uncertainty about future social and political decisions on emissions that will dominate projection of conditions further into the future. Species Background: The ribbon seal is a strikingly‐marked member of the family Phocidae that primarily inhabits the Sea of Okhotsk, and Bering and Chukchi Seas. This species is strongly associated with the sea ice during its whelping, mating, and pelage molt periods, from mid‐March through June. Most of the rest of the year is spent at sea; the species is rarely observed on land. The rates of survival and reproduction are not well known, but ribbon seals can live 20 to 30 years. They become sexually mature at 1‐5 years of age, probably depending on environmental conditions, and adult females usually give birth every year to a single pup which is nursed for 3‐4 weeks and then abandoned to fend for itself. Species Delineation: Although there are two main breeding areas for ribbon seals, one in the Sea of Okhotsk and one in the Bering Sea, there is currently no evidence of discrete subpopulations on which to base a separation into distinct population segments. The population composing the entire species is the subject of this review. A molecular genetic analysis to identify geographic population structure is a high priority for research. Extinction Risk Assessment: To assess the extinction risk, the BRT evaluated the risks based on specific demographic factors of the species, such as abundance, productivity, spatial structure, and diversity, as well as specific threats faced by the species, as outlined in Section 4(a)(1) of the ESA: • the present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range, • over‐utilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes, • disease or predation, ix • the inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms, or • other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence Demographic factors: With a population likely comprising at least 200,000 individuals, ribbon seals are not currently at risk from the demographic issues of low abundance commonly associated with ESA listing decisions, such as demographic stochasticity, inbreeding, loss of genetic diversity, and depensatory effects. The current population trend is unknown, but a recent estimate of 49,000 ribbon seals in the eastern and central Bering Sea is consistent enough with historical estimates to suggest that no major or catastrophic change has occurred in recent decades. The species is thought to occupy its entire historically‐observed range; there are no portions of the range in which ribbon seals have been reported to have disappeared or become extinct. A comprehensive survey of ribbon seal abundance, a new analysis of demographic data obtained from the former Soviet commercial harvest, and genetic studies of population structure are high priorities for research and monitoring. Present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of the species’ habitat or range: The main concerns about the conservation status of the ribbon seal stem from the likelihood that its sea ice habitat has been modified by the warming climate and, more so, that the scientific consensus projections are for continued and perhaps accelerated warming in the foreseeable future. A reliable assessment of the future conservation status of ribbon seals requires a focus on projections of the specific regional conditions, especially sea ice, and changes that could impact vital rates. In contrast to the Arctic Ocean, where sea ice is present year‐round, the ice in the Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk is seasonal in nature. Despite the recent dramatic reductions in Arctic Ocean ice extent during summer, the sea ice in the northern Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk is expected to continue forming annually in winter for the foreseeable future. The sea ice regimes in these seas will continue to be subject to large interannual variations in extent and seasonal duration, as they have throughout recorded history. While there may be more frequent years in which ice coverage is reduced, the late March to early May period in which ribbon seal reproduction occurs will continue to have substantial ice, particularly in the northern regions of the breeding range. In years of low ice it is likely that ribbon seals will adjust at least in part by shifting their breeding locations in response to the position of the ice edge as they have likely done in the past in response to interannual variability. There could be impacts on ribbon seal survival and recruitment from more frequent years of reduced ice thickness and duration of seasonal ice coverage. Decreased availability of stable platforms for adults to complete their molt out of the water may lower survival, but it is not currently possible to quantify this impact or the extent to which ribbon seals may adapt by shifting locations for key life history events of breeding and molting. Weaned pups are likely dependent on sea ice for a 2‐3 week period as they develop self‐sufficiency in foraging. They enter the water regularly during this period, and therefore may not be particularly sensitive to modest reductions in coverage or quality, though they may be relatively limited in their capability to respond to rapidly deteriorating ice fields by relocating over large distances, a factor that could occur more frequently in the foreseeable future. x
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