Status of Pollinators in North America PDF
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http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11761.html We ship printed books within 1 business day; personal PDFs are available immediately. Status of Pollinators in North America Committee on the Status of Pollinators in North America, National Research Council ISBN: 0-309-66381-4, 326 pages, 6 x 9, (2007) This PDF is available from the National Academies Press at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11761.html Visit the National Academies Press online, the authoritative source for all books from the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council: • Download hundreds of free books in PDF • Read thousands of books online for free • Explore our innovative research tools – try the “Research Dashboard” now! • Sign up to be notified when new books are published • Purchase printed books and selected PDF files Thank you for downloading this PDF. If you have comments, questions or just want more information about the books published by the National Academies Press, you may contact our customer service department toll- free at 888-624-8373, visit us online, or send an email to Status of Pollinators in North America http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11761.html StatuS of PollinatorS in north america Committee on the Status of Pollinators in North America Board on Life Sciences Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources Division on Earth and Life Studies Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Status of Pollinators in North America http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11761.html THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Govern- ing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) under Award No. 59-0790-3-201 and the U.S. Geo- logical Survey (USGS) under Grant Agreement No. 03HQGR0131. The content of this publication does not necessarily refect the views or policies of the USDA-ARS or USGS, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-10289-6 (Book) International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-10289-8 (Book) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-66381-6 (PDF) International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-66381-4 (PDF) Library of Congress Control Number: 2006940682 Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu. Copyright 2007 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Cover: Design by Van Nguyen. Photo credits clockwise from top left: hummingbird by W. May; sphinx moth by W. May; bat by Merlin D. Tuttle, Bat Conservation I nternational, reprinted with permission; bee by David Inouye, University of M aryland, College Park. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Status of Pollinators in North America http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11761.html The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonproft, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientifc and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientifc and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding en- gineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineer- ing programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Insti- tute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sci- ences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientifc and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Wm. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Status of Pollinators in North America http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11761.html Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Status of Pollinators in North America http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11761.html COMMITTEE ON STATUS OF POLLINATORS IN NORTH AMERICA MAY BERENBAUM (Chair), University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign PETER BERNHARDT, St. Louis University, Missouri STEPHEN BUCHMANN, University of Arizona, Tucson NICHOLAS W. CALDERONE, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York PAUL GOLDSTEIN, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville DAVID W. INOUYE, University of Maryland, College Park PETER KEVAN, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada CLAIRE KREMEN, University of California, Berkeley RODRIGO A. MEDELLÍN, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City TAYLOR RICKETTS, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D.C. GENE E. ROBINSON, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign ALLISON A. SNOW, Ohio State University, Columbus SCOTT M. SWINTON, Michigan State University, East Lansing LEONARD B. THIEN, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana F. CHRISTIAN THOMPSON, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Staff EVONNE P.Y. TANG, Study Director FRANCES E. SHARPLES, Director, Board on Life Sciences ROBIN A. SCHOEN, Director, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources PEGGY TSAI, Associate Program Offcer KAREN IMHOF, Administrative Assistant KATE KELLY, Editor PAULA WHITACRE, Editor v Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Status of Pollinators in North America http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11761.html BOARD ON LIFE SCIENCES KEITH YAMAMOTO (Chair), University of California, San Francisco ANN M. ARVIN, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California JEFFREY L. BENNETZEN, University of Georgia, Athens RUTH BERKELMAN, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia DEBORAH BLUM, University of Wisconsin, Madison R. ALTA CHARO, University of Wisconsin, Madison JEFFREY L. DANGL, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill PAUL R. EHRLICH, Stanford University, Stanford, California MARK D. FITZSIMMONS, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Chicago, Illinois JO HANDELSMAN, University of Wisconsin, Madison ED HARLOW, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts KENNETH H. KELLER, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis RANDALL MURCH, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Alexandria GREGORY A. PETSKO, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts MURIEL E. POSTON, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York JAMES REICHMAN, University of California, Santa Barbara MARC T. TESSIER-LAVIGNE, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California JAMES TIEDJE, Michigan State University, East Lansing TERRY L. YATES, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque Staff FRANCES E. SHARPLES, Director KERRY A. BRENNER, Senior Program Offcer ANN H. REID, Senior Program Offcer MARILEE K. SHELTON-DAVENPORT, Senior Program Offcer EVONNE P.Y. TANG, Senior Program Offcer ROBERT T. YUAN, Senior Program Offcer ADAM P. FAGEN, Program Offcer ANNA FARRAR, Financial Associate ANNE F. JURKOWSKI, Senior Program Assistant TOVA G. JACOBOVITS, Senior Program Assistant vi Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Status of Pollinators in North America http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11761.html BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES W. REG GOMES (Chair), University of California, Oakland SANDRA J. BARTHOLMEY, University of Illinois, Chicago ROGER N. BEACHY, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri H. H. CHENG, University of Minnesota, St. Paul BRUCE L. GARDNER, University of Maryland, College Park JEAN HALLORAN, Consumer Policy Institute/Consumers Union, Yonkers, New York HANS R. HERREN, Millennium Institute, Arlington, Virginia KIRK C. KLASING, University of California, Davis BRIAN W. MCBRIDE, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada TERRY L. MEDLEY, E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Delaware ROBERT PAARLBERG, Wellesley College, Watertown, Massachusetts ALICE N. PELL, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York BOBBY PHILLS, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee SONYA B. SALAMON, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign HAL SALWASSER, Oregon State University, Corvallis PEDRO A. SANCHEZ, The Earth Institute at Columbia University, Palisades, New York B. L. TURNER, II, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts LAURIAN UNNEVEHR, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign JAW-KAI WANG, University of Hawaii, Honolulu TILAHUN D. YILMA, University of California, Davis Staff ROBIN A. SCHOEN, Director AUSTIN J. LEWIS, Program Offcer MICHAEL MA, Program Offcer PEGGY TSAI, Associate Program Offcer RUTH S. ARIETI, Senior Project Assistant KAREN L. IMHOF, Administrative Assistant vii Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Status of Pollinators in North America http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11761.html Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Status of Pollinators in North America http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11761.html Preface The magnitude and direction of all manner of anthropogenic global en- vironmental change have lately come to dominate the national conversation: at the movies, on the Internet, and in the press. Entering the term “environ- mental crisis” on Google generates close to 52 million hits, and the debate is raging over the validity of various projections of consequences and diverse proposals for remediation. Of the multitude of ways humans could be harm- ing the planet, however, one that has largely been ignored is the “pollinator crisis”—the perceived global decline in the number and viability of animal species that facilitate reproduction of fowering plants, the overwhelming majority of plants in terrestrial communities. In her hugely infuential book Silent Spring published more than 40 years ago, Rachel Carson recognized the central role of pollinators. They are the proverbial birds and the bees, along with many other insect species and even a handful of mammals, that maintain human health and terrestrial biodiversity. Carson painted a bleak picture of a world with “fruitless falls.” In the intervening decades, reports have quietly accumulated from virtually every continent of shortages or extinction of pollinators of various descriptions. Ironically, despite its apparent lack of marquee appeal, pollinator de- cline is one form of global change that actually does have credible poten- tial to alter the shape and structure of the terrestrial world. Over the past decade, the public has begun to take notice and ask whether a pollinator crisis is brewing and, if so, what can be done to avert it. The National Re- search Council, in keeping with its charter to provide independent, objective analysis and advice on scientifc matters of national importance, took on this issue at the request of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. ix Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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