Status of Climate Change Adaptation in Asia and the Pacific PDF
Preview Status of Climate Change Adaptation in Asia and the Pacific
Springer Climate Mozaharul Alam Jeongho Lee Puja Sawhney Editors Status of Climate Change Adaptation in Asia and the Pacific Springer Climate Series Editor: John Dodson, Menai, NSW, Australia Springer Climate is an interdisciplinary book series dedicated to climate research. This includes climatology, climate change impacts, climate change management, climate change policy, regional climate, climate monitoring and modeling, palaeoclimatology etc. The series hosts high quality research monographs and edited volumes on Climate, and is crucial reading material for Researchers and students in the field, but also policy makers, and industries dealing with climatic issues. Springer Climate books are all peer-reviewed by specialists (see Editorial Advisory board). If you wish to submit a book project to this series, please contact your Publisher ([email protected]). More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11741 Mozaharul Alam • Jeongho Lee • Puja Sawhney Editors Status of Climate Change Adaptation in Asia and the Pacific Editors Mozaharul Alam Jeongho Lee United Nations Environment Programme KACCC at Korean Environment Institute Bangkok, Thailand Sejong, Republic of Korea Puja Sawhney Asia Pacific Adaptation Network (APAN) Bangkok, Thailand ISSN 2352-0698 ISSN 2352-0701 (electronic) Springer Climate ISBN 978-3-319-99346-1 ISBN 978-3-319-99347-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99347-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018959857 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface Information and knowledge are integral parts of adaptation planning, monitoring prog- ress, and communicating outcomes delivered through undertaking adaptation actions. Adaptation to climate change is often viewed as a knowledge-intensive exercise. Adaptation also entails engagement of actors ranging from global to local levels to cre- ate necessary means such as policies and governance, institutional and individual capacity, and access to finance and technologies to support adaptation actions. Environmental multilateralism has made significant progress by setting climate change as one of the top global issues. Several measures have been taken from global to local levels for assessing and understanding impacts, vulnerabilities, and adaptation to cli- mate change since the Framework Convention on Climate Change and associated deci- sions came into force including the Marrakech Climate Accord in 2001 and the Cancun Framework for Adaptation in 2010. In 2015, the Paris Agreement established global adaptation goals including enhancing adaptive capacity, strengthening resilience, and reducing vulnerability to climate change. These indicators in the global adaptation goal, i.e., adaptive capacity, resilience, and vulnerability, present its inherent challenges for quantification and comparability, as well as aggregation of information both at national and global levels, to demonstrate the progress of adaptation. Monitoring adaptation progress is a new and emerging issue, and needs are becoming more prominent due to the ratification of the Paris Agreement. Several initiatives in recent years have been working on this emerging need, and emphasis is placed on tracking adaptation finance and the flow of funds from developed coun- tries to developing countries. Academic and research institutes have also developed different approaches for monitoring or tracking adaptation, focusing on outcomes, preparedness, and policy, but application of these approaches is limited. Additionally, a framework for assessing status of adaptation, and monitoring progress against predefined adaptation goals and/or objectives, and application in Asia and the Pacific region and subregional levels appears lacking. These gaps inspired the Asia Pacific Adaptation Network (APAN) and its partners to explore and make an attempt to address this topic. Strong determination and tireless efforts of APAN partners put together the rich contents in this book on “Status of Adaptation in Asia and the Pacific Region.” v vi Preface In the 2014 APAN, which unceasingly mobilized adaptation knowledge in col- laboration with a wide range of partners, and the Korea Environment Institute (KEI) that has supported APAN since its inception in 2009 recognized the gaps and the need to develop a framework and apply it to assess the status of adaptation in Asia and the Pacific region. The APAN and its partners has also recognized the fact that Asia and the Pacific region has made good progress in several areas to advance adaptation measures including adaptation actions on the ground. While social, economic, and environmental diversity is high among countries in Asia and the Pacific, vulnerabilities of social and economic sectors and the adaptive capacity of society and the economy vary across the regions, subregions, and coun- tries. Efforts to deal with adverse impacts of climate change also vary, including adaptation objectives and goals. While expression of adaptation goals varies across subregions and countries, the overarching goals are meant to protect people, devel- opment, and ecology from adverse impacts of climate change. Furthermore, priori- ties for adaptation interventions vary across key economic and social development sectors and spatial contexts, while adaptation actions are strongly associated with the most vulnerable sectors and are linked to the economic development and liveli- hoods of large populations. This book provides an in-depth assessment and overview of climate change adap- tation in the Asia-Pacific region and the status of adaptation at subregional levels (Central Asia, Pacific, Northeast Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia); sectors, i.e., agriculture that supports livelihoods of many people; and large ecosystems, i.e., Hindu Kush Himalaya mountain ecosystem. In addition to an in-depth assessment of the status of adaptation, the authors have made efforts to identify future actions needed for enhancing adaptation measures and indicate the support available at international and regional levels. The book also aims to contribute to current and future discourse on assessing and communicating adaptation progress at different levels, without prejudg- ing future outcomes, and implementing the Paris Agreement goals. The editors express their heartfelt thanks to the Ministry of Environment, Government of Korea, for providing financial support, and researchers and staff members of the Korea Environment Institute (KEI) for organizing the authors’ meeting and for the continued support provided to the authors. We acknowledge the dedication of all chapter authors and support provided by their respective institutes. These include Climate Action Network South Asia (CAN-SA); International Centre for Mountain Development (ICIMOD); Local Governments for Sustainability Southeast Asia Secretariat; Research Centre for Climate Change Adaptation, Keio University; School of Environmental Science and Management, University of Philippines Los Baños; Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP); Southeast Asian Regional Centre for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SERCA); and the Regional Environmental Centre for Central Asia (CAREC). Thanks are due to the staff of Springer International Publishing for their timely efforts in publishing this book. Bangkok, Thailand Mozaharul Alam Sejon-si, Republic of Korea Jeongho Lee Bangkok, Thailand Puja Sawhney Contents 1 Adaptation Journey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Mozaharul Alam 2 Measuring Status of Climate Change Adaptation: An Assessment Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Mozaharul Alam and Saleemul Huq 3 Regional Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Mozaharul Alam and Puja Sawhney 4 Status of Climate Change Adaptation in Central Asian Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Nailya Mustaeva and Saniya Kartayeva 5 Status of Climate Change Adaptation in Northeast Asian Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Wanglin Yan, William Galloway, and Ju Youn Kang 6 Status of Climate Change Adaptation in the Pacific Region . . . . . . . . 97 Espen Ronneberg and Peniamina Dougalii Leavai 7 Status of Climate Change Adaptation in South Asia Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Ahsan Uddin Ahmed, Arivudai Nambi Appadurai, and Sharmind Neelormi 8 Status of Climate Change Adaptation in Southeast Asia Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Ranell Martin M. Dedicatoria and Catherine B. Diomampo vii viii Contents 9 Status of Climate Change Adaptation in Agriculture Sector in Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Rico C. Ancog, Mariliza V. Ticsay, and Clarissa D. Ruzol 10 Adaptation in Mountain Agriculture: Food Security in the Hindu-Kush Himalayan (HKH) Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Abid Hussain, Bidhubhusan Mahapatra, and Golam Rasul 11 Enhanced Actions on Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Mozaharul Alam Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Contributors Ahsan Uddin Ahmed Centre for Global Change, Dhaka, Bangladesh Mozaharul Alam United Nations Environment Programme, Bangkok, Thailand Rico C. Ancog School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines Arivudai Nambi Appadurai Climate Resilience Practice, World Resources Institutes, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Ranell Martin M. Dedicatoria ICLEI–Local Governments for Sustainability Southeast Asia Secretariat (ICLEI SEAS), Quezon City, Philippines Catherine B. Diomampo ICLEI–Local Governments for Sustainability Southeast Asia Secretariat (ICLEI SEAS), Quezon City, Philippines William Galloway Research Center for Climate Change Adaptation (RCCCA), Keio University, Tokyo, Japan Saleemul Huq International Centre for Climate Change and Development, Dhaka, Bangladesh Abid Hussain International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu, Nepal Ju Youn Kang Korea Adaptation Center for Climate Change (KACCC)/Korea Environment Institute (KEI), Sejong, Republic of Korea Saniya Kartayeva The Regional Environmental Centre for Central Asia (CAREC), Almaty, Kazakhstan Peniamina Dougalii Leavai Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Apia, Samoa Bidhubhusan Mahapatra International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu, Nepal ix
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