Table Of Content

S S S TATISTICS FOR IX IGMA G B REEN ELTS M ® JMP™ WITH INITAB AND This page intentionally left blank S TATISTICS FOR S S IX IGMA G B REEN ELTS M ® JMP™ WITH INITAB AND David M. Levine PEARSON PRENTICE HALL AN IMPRINT OF PEARSON EDUCATION Upper Saddle River, NJ • Boston • Indianapolis • New York • London San Francisco • Toronto • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore • Hong Kong Cape Town • Madrid • Paris • Milan • Munich • Amsterdam Publisher:Tim Moore Executive Editor:Jim Boyd Editorial Assistant:Susan Abraham Director of Marketing and Associate Editor-in-Chief:Amy Neidlinger International Marketing Manager:Tim Galligan Cover Designer:Chuti Prasertsith Managing Editor:Gina Kanouse Project Editor:Kayla Dugger Copy Editor:Sarah Kearns Indexer:David Levine Proofreader:Sheri Cain Compositor:Jake McFarland Manufacturing Buyer:Dan Uhrig 2006 by Pearson Education,Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River,New Jersey 07458 Prentice Hall offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales. For more information,please contact U.S.Corporate and Government Sales,1-800-382-3419,corpsales@pearson- techgroup.com.For sales outside the U.S.,please contact International Sales,1-317-581-3793,international@pear- sontechgroup.com. Company and product names mentioned herein are the trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. All rights reserved.No part of this book may be reproduced,in any form or by any means,without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America First Printing ISBN 0-13-229195-9 Pearson Education LTD. Pearson Education Australia PTY,Limited. Pearson Education Singapore,Pte.Ltd. Pearson Education North Asia,Ltd. Pearson Education Canada,Ltd. Pearson Educatión de Mexico,S.A.de C.V. Pearson Education—Japan Pearson Education Malaysia,Pte.Ltd. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Levine,David M.,1946- Statistics for Six Sigma green belts / David M.Levine. p.cm. ISBN 0-13-229195-9 (hardback :alk.paper) 1. Six sigma (Quality control standard) 2. Quality control— Statistical methods. I.Title. TS156.L48 2006 519.5—dc22 2005034090 To my wife Marilyn and my daughter Sharyn This page intentionally left blank C O N T E N T S Acknowledgments xvii About the Author xix Preface xxi 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF SIX SIGMA 1 Introduction 2 1.1 What Is Six Sigma? 2 The DMAIC Model 2 1.2 Roles in a Six Sigma Organization 3 Master Black Belt 3 Black Belt 4 Green Belt 4 1.3 Statistics and Six Sigma 4 1.4 Learning Statistics for Six Sigma Using This Book 5 Summary 6 References 6 2 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 7 Introduction 8 2.1 Enumerative and Analytic Studies 8 Distinguishing Between Enumerative and Analytic Studies 9 2.2 Types of Sampling 9 Simple Random Sample 11 Stratified Sample 11 Systematic Sample 12 Cluster Sample 12 2.3 Types of Variables 13 2.4 Operational Definitions 14 Summary 14 References 15 A2.1 Introduction to Minitab Version 14 16 Minitab Overview 16 Using Minitab Worksheets 16 vii viii CONTENTS Opening and Saving Worksheets and Other Components 17 Printing Worksheets,Graphs,and Sessions 18 Selecting a Random Sample 19 A2.2 Introduction to JMP Version 6 20 JMP Overview 20 Using JMP Data Tables 20 Selecting a Random Sample 21 3 PRESENTING DATA IN CHARTS AND TABLES 23 Introduction 24 3.1 Graphing Attribute Data 24 The Bar Chart 24 The Pareto Diagram 25 3.2 Graphing Measurement Data 27 Histogram 27 The Dot Plot 28 The Run Chart 28 Summary 30 References 30 A3.1 Using Minitab to Construct Charts 31 Generating a Bar Chart 31 Generating a Pareto Diagram 32 Generating a Histogram 32 Generating a Dot Plot 33 Generating a Run Chart 34 A3.2 Using JMP to Construct Charts 35 Generating a Bar Chart 35 Generating a Pareto Diagram 35 Generating a Histogram 36 Generating a Run Chart 36 4 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 39 Introduction 40 4.1 Measures of Central Tendency 40 The Arithmetic Mean 40 The Median 42 The Mode 43 Quartiles 44 CONTENTS ix 4.2 Measures of Variation 46 The Range 46 The Variance and the Standard Deviation 47 4.3 The Shape of Distributions 50 Shape 50 The Five-Number Summary 52 The Box-and-Whisker Plot 53 Summary 56 References 56 A4.1 Using Minitab for Descriptive Statistics 57 Calculating Descriptive Statistics 57 Generating a Box-and-Whisker Plot 57 A4.2 Using JMP for Descriptive Statistics 58 Generating Descriptive Statistics and a Box-and-Whisker Plot 58 5 PROBABILITY AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS 59 5.1 What Is Probability? 60 5.2 Some Rules of Probability 62 5.3 The Probability Distribution 66 The Average or Expected Value of a Random Variable 68 Standard Deviation of a Random Variable (σ) 69 5.4 The Binomial Distribution 72 Characteristics of the Binomial Distribution 75 5.5 The Poisson Distribution 76 Characteristics of the Poisson Distribution 78 5.6 The Normal Distribution 78 Characteristics of the Normal Distribution 79 5.7 The Normal Probability Plot 85 Summary 86 References 87 A5.1 Using Minitab for Probability Distributions and Plots 88 Computing Binomial Probabilities 88 Computing Poisson Probabilities 88 Computing Normal Probabilities 89 Constructing a Normal Probability Plot 89 A5.2 Using JMP for Probability Distributions and Plots 91 Computing Binomial Probabilities 91 Computing Poisson Probabilities 92 Computing Normal Probabilities 92 Constructing a Normal Probability Plot 93

Description:

The only book on the market that provides a simple nonmathematical presentation of the statistics needed by Six Sigma Green Belts. Every concept is explained in plain English with a minimum of mathematical symbols. Includes real-world examples, step by step instructions and sample output for Minitab