Statistics and experimental design for toxicologists

389 Pages·2018·14.992 MB·English

by  Shayne C. Gad, Carrol S. Weil

Statistics And Experimental Design
For Toxicologists

Statistics and Experimental Design
For Toxicologists
Shayne C. Gad
G.D. Searle and Company
Skokie, Illinois
and
Carrol S. Weil
C.S. Weil, Inc.
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
TELBoFcaO RaRtonD Lo nPdoRn ENeSwS Y ork
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor &C Faralndciws Gerolulp, , aNn ewinf oJrmears beusyin ess
First published 1988 by CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Reissued 2018 by CRC Press
© 1988 by The Telford Press, Inc.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Statistics and Experimental Design for Toxicologists
1. Toxicology—Statistical methods.
2. Toxicology, Experimental—Statistical methods. I. Gad, Shayne, C.,
1948 — II. Weil, Carrol S.
RA1199.4.S73S73 1986 615.9’0072 86—1953
ISBN 0-936923-17-2
ISBN 0-936923-18-0
A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 93012834
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in the original copies may be apparent.
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ISBN 13: 978-1-315-89315-0 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-1-351-07225-0 (ebk)
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DEDICATION
To my beloved Suzann, who made me real again and brought me
back to the World.
SCG

CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
PREFACE
I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................... I
Philosophy and General Principles/Overview
II. BASIC PRINCIPLES ....................................................... 5
Types of Data/Functions of Statistics/Descriptive
Statistics/Sampling/Outliers and Rounding/
Decision Trees for Methods
Ill. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN .......................................... 2I
Objectives/General Principles/Approaches for
Toxicology/Logistical and Planning Tools/
Necessary Sample Sizes
IV. COMPUTATIONAL DEVICES .................................... 30
Calculators/Microcomputers and Software/
Statistical Libraries
V. METHODS FOR DATA PREPARATION
AND EXPLORATION .................................................. 40
Randomization/Bartlett's Test/Scattergram/
Exploratory Data Analysis
VI. HYPOTHESISTESTING:
CATEGORICAL AND RANKED DATA ...................... 53
Fisher's Exact Test/R X C Chi Square/Wilcoxon
Rank-Sum Test/Distribution-Free Multiple
Comparisons/Mann-Whitney U Test!Kmskal-Wallis
Non parametric Analysis of Variance
VII. HYPOTHESIS TESTING: UNIVARIATE .................. 70
Student's t-Test/Cochran's t- Test/F-Test/Analysis of
Variance/Post-Hoc Tests/Duncan's Multiple Range/
Scheffe's Multiple Comparisons/Dunnett's/
William's t- Test/ Analysis of Covariance
VIII. MODELING ................................................................... 93
- Linear Regression/Probit!Log Plots/Moving
Averages/Correlation Coefficient/Nonlinear
Regression/Kendall's Rank Correlation/Trend
Analysis
vii
II. METHODS FOR THE REDUCTION OF
DIMENSIONALITY .................................................... 111
Classification/Construction of Tables/
Statistical Graphics/Multidimensional and
Nonmetric Scaling/Cluster Analysis/Fourier
Analysis/Life Tables
X. MULTIVARIATE METHODS .................................... 130
Multivariate Distribution and Population
Parameters/Data Preparation/MANOVN Factor
Analysis/Multi pie Regression/Discriminant
Analysis/Canonical Correlation Analysis/
Principal Components/Correspondence
Analysis/Biplot Analysis
XI. DATAANALYSISAPPLICATIONS
IN TOXICOLOGY ....................................................... 147
LD50 and LC50/Body and Organ Weights/
Clinical Chemistry/Hematology/Histopathology/
Reproduction/Teratology/Dominant Lethal/Diet and
Chamber Analysis/ Aerosol Statistics/Mutagenesis/
Behavioral Toxicology
XII. CARCINOGENESIS AND RISK ASSESSMENT ...... 176
Analysis of Carcinogenicity Bioassay/Low Dose
Extrapolation
XIII. STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS .......... 244
XIV. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY ..................................... 253
One or Two Sided Comparisons/Unbalanced
Study Designs/Computerized Statistical Packages
APPENDICES:
1. Tables:
A. Logarithms ............................................ 256
B. Probit Transform Values ....................... 261
C. Chi Square ............................................. 266
D. H Values ................................................ 268
E. Mann-Whitney U Values ....................... 270
F. t-Test Critical Values ............................... 2 7 6
G. F Distribution (.05, .01, .001) ................ 2 7 7
H. Z scores for Normal Distribution ......... 283
I. Table for Calculation of Median
Effective Dose by Moving Average ........ 285
J. Critical Values For The Wilcox Rank
Sum Test ................................................. 323
2. Definition of Terms ....................................... 331
3. Greek Alphabet, Abbreviations and
Symbols .......................................................... 334
INDEX
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
There are a number of people without whom this book would
either never have been completed or would be much less than it is.
Lorie Abraham and Nancy Bruce spent many hours struggling with
translating handwritten pages into the final polished manuscript-a
feat of typing, given the use of unfamiliar specialized symbols, which
was certainly beyond the scope of any job requirement. And Gary Roy
and Ann Smith provided exacting proofreading of the manuscript
without which the final product would not be nearly as lucid as it is.
We wish to thank these fine people for their support.
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