Statistics: A Tool for Social Researchers

604 Pages·2019·17.349 MB·English

by  Riva Lieflander, Joseph Healey, Steven Prus

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nelson.com
HEALEY PRUS LIEFLANDER
ISBN-13: 978-0-17-672508-2
ISBN-10: 0-17-672508-3
9 780176 725082
9780176725082_CVR_hr.indd All Pages 4/19/18 2:15 PM
FREQUENTLY USED FORMULAS
CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 10
f X2(cid:27)
Proportion p5 Means (s known) Z (obtained)5
n (cid:31)yÏn
f
1 2 Means (s unknown)
Percentage %5 3100
n
X2(cid:27)
t (obtained)5
CHAPTER 3 syÏn21
Mean (sample) X5S(Xi ) Proportions Z (obtained)5 PS2Pu
n
ÏP(12P )/n
Standard deviation (sample) u u
Î CHAPTER 11
S(X 2X)2
s5 in Means (s known) Z (obtained)5(X12X2)
(cid:31)
x2x
CHAPTER 4 Means (s unknown)
X 2X
Z scores Z5 i s t (obtained)5X12X2
(cid:31)
x2x
CHAPTER 6
Standard deviation of the sampling
Confidence interval for a sample mean distribution for sample means (s known)
(s known) Î
(cid:31) 2 (cid:31) 2
1 (cid:31) 2 (cid:31)x2x5 n1 1 n2
c.i.5X6Z 1 2
Ïn
Standard deviation of the sampling distri-
Confidence interval for a sample mean
bution for sample means (s unknown)
(s unknown)
Î Î
n s21n s2 n 1n
c.i.5X6t1 s 2 (cid:31)x2x5 n111 n 22 22 1n n 2
Ïn21 1 2 1 2
Pooled estimate of population proportion
Confidence interval for a sample proportion
n P 1n P
c.i.5Ps6Z ÎPu(1n2Pu) Pu5 1ns111n22 s2
Standard deviation of the sampling
CHAPTER 7 distribution for sample proportions
Chi square (cid:30)2 (obtained)5o(fo2fe)2 (cid:31)p2p5ÏPu(12Pu) Ï(n11n2)/n1n2
fe Proportions
CHAPTER 8 Z (obtained)5 (Ps12Ps2)
Î(cid:30)2 (cid:31)p2p
Phi (cid:29)5
n CHAPTER 12
Cramer’s V Total sum of squares
Î (cid:30)2 SST5S(Xi2X )2
V5
(n)(minimum of r21, c21) Sum of squares between
E 2E SSB5Sn (X 2X)2
Lambda (cid:28)5 1 2 k k
E Sum of squares within
1
SSW5S(X 2X )2
CHAPTER 9 i k
n 2n Degrees of freedom for SSW
Gamma G5 s d
n 1n dfw 5n2k
s d
6SD2 Degrees of freedom for SSB
Spearman’s rho r 512
s n (n221) dfb 5k21
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9780176725082_ifc_hr.indd 2 19/03/18 12:36 PM
Mean square within Least-squares multiple regression line
SSW
MSW5 Y 5 a 1 b X 1 b X
dfw 1 1 2 2
Partial slope for X
1
Mean square between s r 2r r
1 y21 y1 y2 122
MSB5SSB b15 s1 12r122
dfb
Partial slope for X
2
F ratio s r 2r r
1 y21 y2 y1 122
MSB b 5
F5 2 s 12r2
MSW 2 12
Y intercept
CHAPTER 13
a5Y 2b X 2b X
1 1 2 2
Least-squares regression line
Beta-weight for X
1
Y 5 a 1 bX
s
b* 5b 1 12
Slope 1 1 s
y
noXY2_oX+_oY+
b5 Beta-weight for X
2
noX22_oX+2
s
b* 5b 1 22
Y intercept 2 2 sy
a5Y 2bX Standardized least-squares regression line
Pearson’s r Z 5b*Z 1b*Z
y 1 1 2 2
noXY2soXdsoYd
r5 Coefficient of multiple determination
ÏfnoX22soXd2gfnoY22soYd2g R25r2 1r2 (12r2 )
y1 y2.1 y1
CHAPTER 14
Partial correlation coefficient
r 2(r )(r )
yx yz xz
r 5
yx.z
Ï12r2Ï12r2
yz xz
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Statistics
A TOOL FOR
SOCIAL RESEARCH
Fourth Canadian Edition
Joseph F. Healey
Christopher Newport University
Steven G. Prus
Carleton University
Riva Lieflander
University of Ottawa
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Statistics: A Tool for Social Research,
Fourth Canadian Edition
by Joseph F. Healey, Steven G. Prus,
and Riva Lieflander
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Adapted from Statistics: A Tool transcribed, or used in any form Healey, Joseph F., 1945-, author
for Social Research, 10th Edition, or by any means—graphic, Statistics: a tool for social research /
by Joseph F. Healey, published by electronic, or mechanical, including Joseph F. Healey, Christopher
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ISBN-13: 978-0-17-672508-2
ISBN-10: 0-17-672508-3
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Brief Contents
Preface xv
Prologue: Basic Mathematics Review 1
Chapter 1 Introduction 10
Part 1 Descriptive Statistics 37
Chapter 2 Basic Descriptive Statistics: Percentages, Ratios and Rates,
Tables, Charts, and Graphs 38
Chapter 3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion 77
Chapter 4 The Normal Curve 122
Part 2 From Description to Inference 149
Chapter 5 Introduction to Inferential Statistics: Sampling and the
Sampling Distribution 150
Chapter 6 Estimation Procedures for Sample Means and Proportions 168
Part 3 Bivariate Relationships: Tests of Significance
and Measures of Association 205
Chapter 7 Hypothesis Testing with Nominal and Ordinal Variables:
Chi Square 206
Chapter 8 Measures of Association for Variables Measured at the Nominal
Level 242
Chapter 9 Measures of Association for Variables Measured at the Ordinal
Level 278
Chapter 10 Hypothesis Testing with Means and Proportions: The One-Sample
Case 320
Chapter 11 Hypothesis Testing with Means and Proportions: The Two-Sample
Case 355
Chapter 12 Hypothesis Testing with More Than Two Means: One-Way Analysis
of Variance 384
Chapter 13 Hypothesis Testing and Measures of Association for Variables
Measured at the Interval-Ratio Level 416
Part 4 Multivariate Techniques 451
Chapter 14 Partial Correlation and Multiple Regression and Correlation 452
NEL
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vi BRIEF COnTEnTS
Appendix A Area Under the Normal Curve 487
Appendix B Distribution of t 491
Appendix C Distribution of Chi Square 492
Appendix D Distribution of F 493
Appendix E Using Statistics: Ideas for Research Projects 495
Appendix F An Introduction to IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows 501
Appendix G Information and Code Books for the 2012 Canadian
Community Health Survey and 2013 General Social
Survey 517
Answers to Odd-Numbered Computational Problems 535
Glossary 545
Index 553
NEL
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Detailed Contents
Preface xv
Prologue: Basic Mathematics Review 1
Chapter 1 Introduction 10
1.1 Why Study Statistics? 10
1.2 The Role of Statistics in Scientific Inquiry 11
1.3 The Goals of This Textbook 15
1.4 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 16
1.5 Discrete and Continuous Variables 19
1.6 Level of Measurement 21
Reading Statistics 1: Introduction 24
Summary 30 / Glossary 31 / Problems 31
You Are the Researcher: Introduction to the Canadian General Social Survey,
Canadian Community Health Survey, and SPSS 34
Part 1 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 37
Chapter 2 Basic Descriptive Statistics: Percentages, Ratios and Rates,
Tables, Charts, and Graphs 38
2.1 Percentages and proportions 39
Applying Statistics 2.1: Communicating with Statistics 41
2.2 Ratios and Rates 43
Applying Statistics 2.2: Ratios 44
Applying Statistics 2.3: Rates 45
2.3 Frequency Distributions Introduction 46
2.4 Frequency Distributions for Variables Measured at the Nominal and Ordinal
Levels 48
2.5 Frequency Distributions for Variables Measured at the Interval-Ratio Level 50
2.6 Charts and Graphs 60
Reading Statistics 2: Percentages, Rates, Tables, and Graphs 65
Summary 66 / Summary of Formulas 66 / Glossary 67 /
Multimedia Resources 67 / Problems 68
You Are the Researcher: Using SPSS to Produce Frequency Distributions and
Graphs with the 2013 GSS 71
Chapter 3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion 77
3.1 Introduction 78
3.2 Nominal-Level Measures 80
NEL
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