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Statistical Models and Credibility - Casualty Actuarial Society PDF

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lacitsitatS Models and ytilibiderC yb Leigh .J ,llewillaH ,SACF AAAM lacitsitatS sledoM dna ytilibiderC hgieL .J .llewillaH .SACF AAAM tcartsbA ehT yroeht of ytilibiderc si a enotsrenroc of lairautca .ecneics seirautcA ylnommoc esu .ti dna htiw emos edirp drager ti sa rieht nwo .noitnevni gnihtemos hcihw sessaprus lacitsitats yroeht dna stes seirautca trapa from .snaicitsitats .sselehtreveN eht tnempoleved of lacitsitats sledom yb snaicitsitats dna snaicirtemonoce ni eht rettal flah of siht yrutnec si yrev tnaveler to ytilibiderc :yroeht ti nac dnuorg sa llew sa ezilareneg hcum of eht .yroeht ylralucitrap eht hcnarb foereht nwonk sa serauqs-tsael .ytilibiderc It si eht esoprup of siht repap to wohs woh eht yroeht dna ecitcarp of ytilibiderc nac tifeneb from lacitsitats .gniledom ehT first flah of eht repap stsisnoc of nevele .snoitces ,seton .secnerefer dna ytnewt .stibihxe ehT lacinhcet tnetnoc si .deudbus dna sredaer yam tnetnoc sevlesmeht htiw siht .flah tuB eht yllacinhcet denilcni era detivni to yduts eht xis secidneppa A( hguorht F) of eht dnoces .flah euD to ecaps snoitatimil of eht llaC repaP .margorP emos of eht secidneppa yam eb .deteled If siht dluohs ,neppah eht deteled secidneppa nac eb deniatbo yb gnillac eht rohtua ta (201) 278-8860. ehT rohtua si lufetarg to htenneK ,rensaK .SACF .AAAM for sih lufthguoht dna dnik weiver of eht draft of siht .repap Mr. llewillaH si a wolleF of eht ytlausaC lairautcA yteicoS dna a rebmem of eht naciremA ymedacA of .seirautcA In tsuguA 1997 eh emaceb a tnatlusnoc ta eht weN kroY office of namilliM dna .nostreboR For owt sraey roirp to taht eh devil ni ocixeM ytiC sa eht lanoigeR yrautcA of nitaL aciremA for eht Zurich ecnarusnI .puorG dnA roirp to taht eh saw eht feihC yrautcA of eht anaisiuoL Workers’ noitasnepmoC ,noitaroproC notaB .eguoR .AL siH lairautca reerac nageb ta eht lanoitaN licnuoC on noitasnepmoC ecnarusnI ni acoB .notaR FL. 62 I. noitcudortnI tuohguorhT eht hteitnewt yrutnec seirautca evah neeb gnicitcarp gnihtemos taht yeht llac .ytilibiderc hguohtlA gnigdelwonkca emos snoitcennoc htiw ,scitsitats yllaicepse htiw drager to naiseyaB ,ytilibiderc seirautca evah dednet to drager ytilibiderc sa gnidnecsnart .scitsitats sihT si detartsulli ni eht lacirotsih hcteks of eht gniwollof .noitces tuB siht repap lliw deecorp to wohs taht secnavda ni lacitsitats gniledom gnirud eht rettal flah of siht yrutnec etamitigel dna nepeed lacipyt sesu of .ytilibiderc In redro not to emuserp on eht ’sredaer egdelwonk of medom ,scitsitats snoitceS 3, 4, dna 5 lliw eniltuo dna etartsulli eht raenil lacitsitats .ledom ehT tnemtaert of ytilibiderc rep ES lliw nigeb ni noitceS 6, erehw ew lliw wohs woh to ecudortni roirp (or )elpmas-non noitamrofni otni eht lacitsitats .ledom It si depoh taht eht redaer lliw eb dedausrep taht to sserpxe ytilibiderc ni lacitsitats smret si not ylno ,elbissop tub osla .suoegatnavda xiS secidneppa ta eht dne of eht repap edivorp lacitamehtam snoitadnuof for hcum of tahw si dessolg revo ni eht .snoitces 2. nA lacirotsiH evitcepsreP on ytilibiderC oT wehttaM dnumredoR saw detsurtne eht elbadimrof ksat of gnitirw eht noitcudortni to eht koobtxet snoitadnuoF ytlausaCfo lairautcA .ecneicS ehT ksat saw elbadimrof esuaceb ti dednamed a gnigagne yrotsih of eht ytlausac lairautca noisseforp dna a noitallitsid of sti .ecnesse dnumtedoR ,setats “It si eht tpecnoc of ytilibiderc taht sah neeb eht ytlausac ’seirautca tsom tnatropmi dna tsom gnirudne noitubirtnoc to ytlausac lairautca ”.ecneics 63 ’.]3:11[ retfA gnitnuocer eht stnemhsilpmocca of seirautca ni ecneirepxe ,gnitar evitcepsorter ,gnitar tirem ,gnitar ,gnikametar dna gnivreser - lla htiw na eye on ,ytilibiderc eh ,sksa sredaeR“ ohw evah emoc siht far yam edulcnoc from tahw ev’yeht daer taht ytlausac lairautca ecneics si eht yduts dna noitacilppa of eht yroeht of ,ytilibiderc dna s’taht .lla sI ti ’?lla [I 1: 191 nA evitamriffa rewsna si .deilpmi dnA tsomla ytriht sraey reilrae L. .H ,kooC-yelgnoL hguohtla erom devreser naht ,dnunnedoR decaferp sih suomaf hpargonom on ytilibiderc htiw eht sdrow ytilibiderC“ yroehT si eno of eht senotsrenroc of lairautca ecneics . .” [9:3] ehT tnemetatS“ of selpicnirP gnidrageR ytreporP dna ytlausaC ”,gnikametaR detpoda yb eht ytlausaC lairautcA yteicoS ni 1988, senifed ytilibiderc to eb a&‘ erusaem of eht evitciderp eulav taht na yrautca sehcatta to a ralucitrap ydob of ’“.atad seirautcA often kaeps yltnelaviuqe of eht ”thgiew“ nevig to a ydob of .atad ehT egaugnal of gnihcarra or gnivig ytilibiderc to atad si evitseggus of na tnatropmi tniop edam yb :kooC-yelgnoL eht tnuoma fo ytilibiderc ot eb dehcatta ot a nevig ydob fo atad si ton yleritne na cisnirtni ytreporp fo eht .atad roF ,elpmaxe ereht si syawla detats ro deilpmi ni yna erusaem fo ytilibiderc eht esoprup ot hcihw atad era ot eb .desu ,ecneH ew ees that ytilibiderc si ton a elpmis ytreporp fo atad hcihw nac eb detaluclac by emos lacitamehtam alumrof :9[ 14 If ytilibiderc si not yleritne cisnirtni to eht ,atad neht ti si ta tsael yllaitrap .cisnirtxe In ,ecitcarp ytilibiderc si ,ylegral if not ,yleritne cisnirtxe to eht .atad dnA tahw si cisnirtxe to eht atad sniatrep to informed ;tnemgduj os ti si gnittif taht kooC-yelgnoL dedulcnoc sih hpargonom sa follows: ti si spahrep yrassecen to sserts tahr ytilibiderc serudecorp era ton a substitute rof demrofni judgment, but na dia .otereht Of ytissecen os ynam lacitcarp snoitaredisnoc tsum retne otni ’ nI eht ’]p:n[‘ tamrof ’n‘ si eht ecnerefer rebmun and ’p‘ sevig eht egap .)s(rebmun 46 yna lairautca krow that eht student tonnac substitute eht blind noitacilppa fo a ytilibiderc alumrof rof eht luferac noitaredisnoc fo all stcepsa fo na lairautca .melborp ]52:9[ osla( detouq ni I[ I: 1Of.]) ecniS eht ytilibiderc of atad si eht evitciderp eulav or thgiew nevig to eht ,atad eht noitseuq sesira tahw to do nehw eht yrautca segduj eht atad not to evah hguone evitciderp eulav or .thgiew ehT rewsna si to thgiew eht rewsna hcihw si desab on eht atad htiw na rewsna desab on informed ;tnemgduj os ti si larutan for seirautca to kaeps of gnithgiew-ytilibiderc eht laciripme rewsna htiw rehtona ecruos of .noitamrofni enO taerg rehcaet dna tsigolopa of ytilibiderc saw ruhtrA L. .yeliaB Writing neewteb 1945 dna 1950, eh demialc taht niatrec ytilibiderc serudecorp detcilfnoc htiw tnerruc lacitsitats ;yroeht ni ,tcaf lacitsitats gniniart dluoc rednih enoemos from gnitpecca eseht :serudecorp ehT sisab rof eseht ytilibiderc salumrof sah neeb a profound yretsym ot tsom elpoep ohw evah emoc ni tcatnoc htiw .meht ehT yrautca finds meht difiicult ot nialpxe and, ni emos ,sesac neve difficult ot understand. lacixodaraP sa ti yam ,eb eht erom tcatnoc a nosrep sah had htiw lacitsitats secitcarp ni rehto sdleif ro eht erom gniniart a nosrep sah had ni eht yroeht fo lacitamehtam ,scitsitats eht erom difftcult ti sah neeb ot understand eseht ytilibiderc serudecorp ro eht ytidilav fo rieht .noitacilppa ]7:3[ yeliaB detsil sa eerht gnidneffo ytilibiderc serudecorp (1) eht esu of roirp sesehtopyh ni .noitamitse (2) na noitamitse of spuorg rehtegot hcihw si erom etarucca naht gnitamitse hcae puorg ,yletarapes dna (3) gnitamitse for na laudividni taht sgnoleb to a suoenegoreteh noitalupop [4:59f.]. gnikaepS from sih nwo ecneirepxe dna htiw eht rodra of a .trevnoc eh :etorw I yllanosrep deretne eht ytlausac ecnarusni field morf eht yletelpmoc detaicossanu tield fo lacitsitats hcraeser ni eht ananab .ssenisub ehT tsrif raey ro os I tneps gnivorp ot flesym that all fo eht ycnaf lairautca serudecorp fo eht ytlausac ssenisub erew yllacitamehtam unsound. yehT era unsound, fi eno si bound ot tpecca eht snoitcirtser deilpmi ro yllacificeps decalp no eht tnempoleved fo eht lacissalc lacitsitats .sdohtem retaL no I dezilaer that eht hard-shelled sretirwrednu erew gnizingocer niatrec stcaf fo efil detcelgen by eht lacitsitats stsiroeht woN I ma decnivnoc that ytlausac ecnarusni snaicitsitats era a pets daeha fo esoht ni tsom .sdleif 56 sihT si esuaceb ereht sah neeb a truly lacigolometsipe weiver fo eht cisab snoitidnoc fo hcihw rieht scitsitats era .stnemerusaem I nac only egru a ralimis weiver eb edam by snaicitsitats ni rehto .sdleif 6:4[ I] yeliaB [3] thguos to dnuorg eseht serudecorp ni tahw retal emaceb nwonk sa naiseyaB .sisylana oN ,tbuod ni sih yad lacitsitats yroeht dluoc not etadommocca niatrec lairautca .saedi .eroferehT eh was eht lairautca noisseforp sa ni ”,tlover“ sa for elpmaxe nehw eh :etorw srehposolihP evah yltnecer dessucsid eht seitilibiderc ot eb nevig ot suoirav stnemele fo .egdelwonk thus undermining eht detpecca yhposolihp fo eht .snaicitsitats ,revewoH ti sraeppa ot eb only ni eht laiwhca field that ereht sah neeb na dezinagro tlover tsniaga gnidracsid all roirp egdelwonk nehw na etamitse si ot eb edam using ylwen deriuqca .atad ).f9:3[ tuB a tlover gnivlovni naiseyaB sisylana saw noos to neppah gnoma eht .snaicitsitats sa nellA nosrcyaM dekramer ni 1964: lacitsitatS yroeht sah won caught up htiw eht s’yrautca .smelborp gnmatS htiw eht 4591 koob by ,egavaS and desserttub by eht 9591 emulov by refialhcS and eht 1691 koob by affiaR and .refialhcS ereht sah .neeb gnoma stsilibaborp and ,snaicitsitats na dezinagro 110ver tsniaga eht lacissalc hcaorppa and a trend drawot eht esu fo roirp egdelwonk rof lacitsitats .ecnerefni ehT pihsnoitaler neewteb ’seyaB meroeht and ythibiderc saw tsrif deciton by ruhtrA ,yeliaB ohw dewohs that eht alumrof 8)2-l/+4% nac eb dewed morf ’seyaB meroeht tI smees ,etairporppa ni weiv fo eht gniworg tseretni gnoma snaicitsitats ni eht na&yaB tniop fo .weiv ot tpmena ot eumtnoc eht krow detrats 51 sraey oga by ,yeliaB and, using medom ytilibaborp ,stpecnoc yrt ot poleved a yorht fo ytilibiderc hcihw lliw egdirb eht gap that won setarapes eht lairautca morf eht lacitsitats .dlrow [lO:BSf.l naiseyaB sisylana sah deunitnoc to eb a ralupop sisab of ytilibiderc yroeht It syalp a tnenimorp elor ni yraG s’retneV suotnemom retpahc on ytilibiderc ni eht I;o~rndurion.s koobtxet [ 131. tuB s’yeliaB lanimes aedi saw a tsetaerg“ ycarucca ”ytilibiderc (2:20]. of hcihw retneV :setirw 66 ehT tsom llew depoleved hcaorppa ot tsetaerg ycarucca ytilibiderc si fsarl serauqs ,yrrlihidrrc hcihw skees ot ezimimm eht detcepxe eulav fo eht erauqs fo eht noitamitse rorre ._. eroM tnecer lacitsitats .yroeht na&yaB sisylana rof ,elpmaxe osla sesserdda eht esu fo atad ot etadpu suoiverp ,setamitse and siht lliw eb decudortni retal .woleb ytilibiderC yroeht serahs htiw naiseyaB sisylana eht kooltuo drawot atad sa yltcirts a ecruos ot etadpu roirp .egdelwonk ,ytilibiderC ylralucitrap tsael serauqs ytilibiderc si semitemos delebal naiseyaB ro laciripme naiseyaB rof siht .nosaer tI osla sevig thr emas result sa naiseyaB sisylana ni emos ,secnatsmucric although ytilibiderc yroeht nac eb depolrved nihtiw eht tsitneuqerf weiv fo ytilibaborp ._. tsitneuqerF srefer ot na noitaterpretni fo ytilibaborp sa ylelos na noisserpxe fo eht evitaler ycneuqerf fo ,stneve ni tsartnoc ot a tsivitcejbus weiv hcihw sdrager ytilibaborp sa a noitacifitnauq .noinipofo sihT rettal weiv si a kramllah fo naiseyaB .sisylana ]483:31[ sihT noitatouq ylraelc setacidni taht naiseyaB sisylana si not eht lla-eb dna lla-dne of ytilibiderc .yroeht ,rehtaR etipsed emos .seitiralimis tsetaerg ycarucca ytilibiderc si tnednepedni from naiseyaB ,sisylana dna yllaicepse from eht gniog-no lacihposolihp etabed neewteb eht stsitneuqerf dna eht .stsivitcej.bus With lla eht thgilemil on naiseyaB ,sisylana seirautca evah not dezilaer taht lacitsitats yroeht won sah emos naiseyaB-non sgniht to yas tuoba .ytilibiderc In ,ralucitrap medom lacitsitats gniledom nac etadommocca eht eerht “offending” ytilibiderc serudecorp denoitnem ;evoba ,revoerom ti sedivorp a rehcir dlrow of saedi naht eht lanoisnemid-eno formula .B)Z-I~TU, 3. nA weivrevO of eht raeniL lacitsitatS ledoM In na reilrae repap [7] eht rohtua detaert eht tseb raenil desaibnu noitamitse )EULB( of eht raenil lacitsitats .ledom tahT tnemtaert saw deliated dna ;deniatnoc-fles os eht rohtua lliw emussa ,ti rehtar naht evired .ti In xidneppA C of taht repap eht rohtua derapmoc EULB htiw yraG s’retneV noitalumrof of serauqs-tsael ytilibiderc [ 13:418], dna :dedulcnoc suhT retneV si yllaitnesse gniod tseb raenil desaibnu noitamitse no a raenil .ledom ehT rohtua sepoh that seirautca lliw nigeb ot ees eht subject fo ytilibiderc morf eht evitcepsrep fo lacitsitats .gniledom ]533:7[ 76 It si for eht esoprup of gnizilaer taht epoh taht eht tneserp repap si .nettirw ehT form of a ’raenil lacitsitats ledom si y = pX + ,e erehw ]e[raV = Z = .0’0 In siht ledom y dna e era )IP( .srotcev X si a )kxt( ,xirtam 3j si a )lxk( ,rotcev dna C dna 4, era )rxf( .secirtam ehT ngised xirtam X si .nwonk or ;detisop y si .devresbo hguohtlA eht retemarap rotcev p si not ,nwonk ti si not ;modnar na rotamitse of p si ,modnar tub p flesti si not. What stcejni ssenmodnar otni eht rotcev y si eht rorre mret .e e si not :elbavresbo ,revewoh ]e[E = ,,r,,cO dna ]e[raV si ,nwonk or ,detisop ta tsael to nihtiw a ytilanoitroporp ,tnatsnoc ,.e.i ]e[raV co @ oN noitpmussa si edam sa to eht ytilibaborp noitubirtsid of .e tsoM snoitatneserp of eht raenil lacitsitats ledom llewd on woh to etamitse ,p tub ereht si a rediw .hcaorppa esoppuS taht eht I swor of eht y era of owt ,sepyt esoht hcihw evah neeb devresbo dna esoht hcihw evah not. ehT devresbo noitrop of y ew lliw llac ry dna yas taht ti si x11( I); eht devresbonu lliw eb 2y dna xrr( I .j Of ,esruoc I, + 12 = I. We nac osla egnarra eht swor of eht ledom os taht eht devresbo noitrop semoc first. ylralimiS noititrap X dna .e os taht eht ledom skool :ekil ,Y ,e+D,X= , :~~[;Z=]j:[raVerehw :~[20=*20-1::~ ]l: 2y = ,e+P,X ecniS ecnairav secirtam era cirtemmys (cf. [7:304] dna [8:43]). 121 = ’ZIC dna = .‘:I@ 120 gnieB ,devresbonu ry sniatnoc gnissim .seulav ehT melborp si to etalumrof na rotamitse of 2y desab on ,ty ,X dna Z. In ,ralucitrap ew tnaw eht rotamitse to eb raenil ni ,ty to eb 68 ,desaibnu dna to eb ni emos yaw ;tseb ,.e.i ew tnaw eht tseb raenil desaibnu rotamitse )EULB( of .zy In xidneppA C of eht reilrae repap [7] ti si nwohs taht eht EJILB zyfo :si 3, = P,x ,Y(G,&+ - bi,x ,y[raV -9: ] = ZZ2 - ,,C‘,;C,,C 1X(+ - 2X(]if[raV),Xr,;C,,Z - ,‘),X‘&.,,Z erehw i = ),X:;C:X( ,y‘,;X;X‘ dna ]b[raV = ’-,,x;,x;x( sihT si tnelaviuqe to: $2 = 3/,x + ,y(‘;Iq,a - !P,X 2y[raV -$,I= 02(Q2 ,X(+),,PC‘~,O,%U- LX(]~[raV),X‘;,0,20- .‘),X‘;,@,Q- erehw b = ,y‘,;O;X‘-),X‘,,O;X( dna ]b[raV = ’-),x~q;x(20 If zo si not ,nwonk ti nac eb yldesaibnu detamitse sa ’6 = U erehw 6, = ,y - b,X k-,t ' [7:333f.] What seod ti naem for 2ij to eb ?tseb sA denialpxe ni xidneppA .A of owt gnitepmoc raenil desaibnu srotamitse eht tseb rotamitse si eht eno eht ecnairav of esohw noitciderp rorre si :rellams sihT snaem taht eht dnah-thgir edis of eht dnoces ytilauqeni si a evitagen-non etinifed .xirtam ehT rotamitse htiw eht terac si ta tsael sa doog sa eht eno htiw eht ;edlit dna if eht noisserpxe si ,orez-non ti si retteb 69 erofeB gniylppa siht weivrevo to .ytilibiderc eht txen owt snoitces lliw mraw eht redaer pu htiw owt elpmis raenil .sledom roirP to gnidir a esroh ti si esiw to ecitcarp on .seinop 4. ehT tselpmiS lacitsitatS ledoM elpmaxE( I) esoppuS taht ew evah neves gniyravoc-non dna yllacitnedi detubirtsid snoitavresbo of a modnar :elbairav 6.164. 11.103. 9.663, 12.998. 10.329. 9.564. dna 9.602. A elpmis ledom of eht *i noitavresbo (i = I. . 7) si ,y = fi + .,e erehw ],e[raV = .?c ehT xirtam noitalumrof :si 6.164 I- I I.103 I 9.663 I 11.998 =e+px=y= 1 e+B 923.OI 1 9.564 I 9.602 J‘ ecniS eht snoitavresbo era gniqavoc-non dna yllacitnedi .detubirtsid ]e[raV = .,1’0 In siht ,v.*’C _ ~_ elpmis elpmaxe rj = ’.)X’X( )y’X( = - - y - 9.917. oS eht retemarap si eht naem of ’+lC eht .snoitavresbo dna eht rotamitse of ’0 si eht elpmas ecnairav ( = 4.240). enO thgim tcaer taht siht si ekil gnisu a remmahegdels to kcarc a :tunlaw “Why og OI lla siht elbuort nehw eht naem dna eht ecnairav era eht suoivbo snoitulos from eht ”?trats ehT ,rewsna ,revewoh sevresed to eb :derednop sihT .ledom eht tselpmis of .lla sdrigrednu eht naem dna ecnairav functions; eseht functions era ni ytilaer degakcap-erp snoitulos of eht tselpmis raenil .ledom 70

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Jan 31, 2001 Statistical Models and Credibility. Leigh J. Halliwell. FCAS. MAAA. Abstract. The theory of credibility is a cornerstone of actuarial science. Actuaries commonly
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