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Statistics for Biology and Health Richard K. Burdick David J. LeBlond Lori B. Pfahler Jorge Quiroz Leslie Sidor Kimberly Vukovinsky Lanju Zhang Statistical Applications for Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls (CMC) in the Pharmaceutical Industry Statistics for Biology and Health SeriesEditors MitchellGail JonathanM.Samet B.Singer AnastasiosTsiatis Moreinformationabout thisseries athttp://www.springer.com/series/2848 Richard K. Burdick (cid:129) David J. LeBlond (cid:129) Lori B. Pfahler (cid:129) Jorge Quiroz (cid:129) Leslie Sidor (cid:129) Kimberly Vukovinsky (cid:129) Lanju Zhang Statistical Applications for Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls (CMC) in the Pharmaceutical Industry RichardK.Burdick DavidJ.LeBlond ElionLabs CMCStatistics Louisville,Colorado,USA Wadsworth,IL,USA LoriB.Pfahler JorgeQuiroz Merck&Co.,Inc. Merck&Co.,Inc. Telford,PA,USA Kenilworth,NJ,USA LeslieSidor KimberlyVukovinsky Biogen Pfizer Cambridge,Massachusetts,USA OldSaybrook,Connecticut,USA LanjuZhang NonclinicalStatistics,AbbvieInc. NorthChicago,IL,USA ISSN1431-8776 ISSN2197-5671 (electronic) StatisticsforBiologyandHealth ISBN978-3-319-50184-0 ISBN978-3-319-50186-4 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-50186-4 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016962314 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Contents 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 RegulatoryGuidanceforCMCApplications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.3 UseofStatisticalToolsinPharmaceuticalDevelopment andManufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.4 DifferencesBetweenClinicalandCMCStatisticians. . . . . . . . . 3 1.5 HowtoUseThisBook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 StatisticalMethodsforCMCApplications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2 StatisticalAnalysisinaCMCEnvironment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2.1 InitialClientMeeting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2.2 PlanningofStatisticalAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2.3 DataAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2.4 CommunicationofResultstoClient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.3 DataRoundingandReportingofResults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.4 UseofTablesandGraphs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.5 StatisticalIntervals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.5.1 ConfidenceIntervals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.5.2 PredictionIntervals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.5.3 ToleranceIntervals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.5.4 IndividualVersusMean. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.5.5 FormulaNotation.. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. 31 2.6 IntervalsforOnePopulation(IndependentMeasurements). . . . . 32 2.6.1 ConfidenceIntervalforMean. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.6.2 ConfidenceIntervalforVariance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.6.3 ConfidenceIntervalontheStandardDeviation. . . . . . . 35 2.6.4 ConfidenceIntervalonthePercentRelative StandardDeviation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 v vi Contents 2.6.5 ConfidenceIntervalforProportion OutofSpecification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.6.6 PredictionIntervalfortheNextObserved ProcessValue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.6.7 ToleranceIntervalforallFuture ProcessValues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.6.8 ComparisonofStatisticalIntervals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.6.9 DataSetswithLOQValues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.6.10 Non-NormalData. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.7 IntervalsforOnePopulation(DependentMeasurements). . . . . . 48 2.7.1 ConfidenceIntervalforMean. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.7.2 ConfidenceIntervalsforIndividualVariances, theSumoftheVariances,andtheRatio. . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.7.3 PredictionIntervalfortheNext ObservedProcessValue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2.7.4 ToleranceIntervalforAllFutureProcessValues. . . . . . 56 2.7.5 ModificationsforUnbalancedDesigns. . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2.8 ComparingTwoPopulations(IndependentMeasurements). . . . . 58 2.8.1 ConfidenceIntervalforDifferenceinMeans. . . . . . . . . 59 2.8.2 ConfidenceIntervalfortheEffectSize. . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 2.8.3 ConfidenceIntervalfortheRatioofTwoVariances. . . . 64 2.9 ConfidenceIntervalforDifferenceofMeans (DependentMeasurements). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 2.10 BasicsofHypothesisTesting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 2.10.1 StatementofHypotheses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 2.10.2 TestingErrorsandPower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 2.10.3 UsingConfidenceIntervalstoConduct StatisticalTests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 2.10.4 Usingp-ValuestoConductaStatisticalTest. . . . . . . . . 69 2.11 EquivalenceTesting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 2.12 RegressionAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 2.12.1 LinearRegressionwithOnePredictorVariable. . . . . . . 73 2.12.2 CheckingRegressionAssumptions withResidualPlots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 2.12.3 MultipleRegressionAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 2.12.4 IncorporatingInteractionandQuadraticEffects. . . . . . . 86 2.12.5 IncorporatingQualitativePredictorVariables. . . . . . . . 91 2.12.6 NonlinearModelsUsingVariableTransformation. . . . . 94 2.12.7 MixedModels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 2.13 BayesianModels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 2.13.1 ExpressingPriorInformationonModelParameters. . . . 105 2.13.2 BayesRuleandthePosteriorDistribution. . . . . . . . . . . 106 2.13.3 AnExample. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Contents vii 2.13.4 SoftwareforEstimationofthePosterior Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 2.13.5 BayesianAnalysisinPracticeToday. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 110 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 3 ProcessDesign:Stage1oftheFDAProcess ValidationGuidance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 3.2 MoreonPV-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 3.3 IterativeProcessDesign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 3.4 PV-1StatisticalTools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 3.5 DesignofExperiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 3.5.1 FullandFractionalFactorialExperiments. . . . . . . . . . . 132 3.5.2 OtherExperimentalDesigns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 3.5.3 ExperimentalStrategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 3.6 NominatingaParameterasCritical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 3.7 DeterminingaRegionofGoodness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 3.8 ProcessCapabilityandProcessRobustness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 3.9 ControlStrategyImplementation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 3.10 PreparationforStagePV-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 4 ProcessQualification:Stage2oftheFDAProcess ValidationGuidance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 4.2 ProcessPerformanceQualification. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 156 4.3 EvaluationofEffectsofScale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 4.4 PPQCriteriaforInter-Batch(Lot-to-Lot)Variability. . . . . . . . . 162 4.5 PPQCriteriaforIntra-BatchVariability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 4.6 DeterminingtheNumberofPPQLots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 4.6.1 Risk-BasedDecisionApproachtoDetermine NumberofPPQLots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 4.6.2 StatisticalApproachtoDeterminingtheNumber ofPPQLots. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 169 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 5 GMPMonitoringandContinuousProcessVerification: Stage3oftheFDAProcessValidationGuidance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 5.2 ComponentsinContinuedProcessVerification. . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 5.2.1 DataCollectionandControlLimits.. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. 176 5.2.2 Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 5.3 StatisticalToolsforCPV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 5.3.1 AcceptanceSampling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 178 5.3.2 StatisticalControlCharts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 5.3.3 ProcessCapabilityandPerformanceAssessment. . . . . . 184 viii Contents 5.3.4 OutofSpecificationandCorrective andPreventativeAction(CAPA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 5.4 ACPVProtocolandRelationtoAnnualProductReview. . . . . . 188 5.5 StatisticalSupport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 6 AnalyticalProcedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 6.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 6.2 Terminology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 6.2.1 DescriptionofanAnalyticalProcedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 6.2.2 MeasurementErrorModels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 6.2.3 Accuracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 6.2.4 Precision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 6.3 Stage1:ProcedureDevelopment(Pre-validation). . . . . . . . . . . . 196 6.4 Stage2:ProcedurePerformanceValidation(Qualification). . . . . 197 6.4.1 ExperimentalDesignforValidationofAccuracy andPrecision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 6.4.2 ConfidenceIntervalsforAccuracyandPrecision. . . . . . 199 6.4.3 UsingConfidenceIntervalstoValidate AccuracyandPrecision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 6.4.4 ValidationCriteriaforAccuracyandPrecision. . . . . . . 204 6.4.5 ValidationofAccuracyandPrecision UsingStatisticalIntervals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 6.4.6 ValidationofAccuracyandPrecisionBased onOut-of-SpecificationRates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 6.4.7 ABayesianApproach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 6.4.8 PowerConsiderations. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. 214 6.4.9 ViolationofHomogeneityAcross ConcentrationLevels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 6.4.10 ExperimentalDesignstoIncorporate RuggednessFactors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 6.4.11 IncorporatingFixedEffectRuggednessFactors. . . . . . . 219 6.5 Stage3:ProcedurePerformanceVerification andAnalyticalProcedureTransfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 6.5.1 ObjectivesandRegulatoryGuidance forTransfers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 6.5.2 ExperimentalDesignsforTransfers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 6.5.3 AnEquivalenceTestforBias. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 6.5.4 TestsforPrecision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 7 Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 7.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 7.1.1 DefinitionandRegulatoryExpectations. . . . . . . . . . . . 227 7.1.2 ConformancetoaSpecification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 7.1.3 ReportableVersusRecordableResults. . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Contents ix 7.2 ConsiderationsinSettingSpecifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 7.2.1 FrameofReference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 7.2.2 IncorporationofAllSourcesofVariation. . . . . . . . . . . 231 7.2.3 SmallDataSetsforSpecificationSetting. . . . . . . . . . . 231 7.2.4 DisincentivetoImproveProcessVariation. . . . . . . . . . 232 7.3 CompendialStandardsandTestswithCommonly ExpectedAcceptanceLimits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 7.3.1 CompendialStandardsandSpecifications. . . . . . . . . . . 232 7.3.2 UniformityofDosageUnits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 7.3.3 BlendUniformity.. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. 237 7.3.4 Dissolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 7.3.5 ASTM2709/2810(Bergum/CUDALMethod). . . . . . . . 246 7.3.6 CompositeAssay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 7.3.7 ProteinConcentration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 7.4 StatisticalToolsforSpecifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 7.4.1 AmountofDataNeededandHow toCollecttheData. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 7.4.2 DataDistribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 7.4.3 ToleranceIntervalsandThreeSigmaLimits. . . . . . . . . 251 7.4.4 Simulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 255 7.4.5 Percentiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 258 7.5 ReleaseandStabilitySpecifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 7.6 RealTimeRelease/LargeSampleSizes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 7.7 IncorporationofClinicalExperience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 7.8 ComputerPrograms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 8 Stability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 8.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 8.2 RegulatoryGuidance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 8.3 ModelingInstability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 8.3.1 StabilityStudyVariables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 8.3.2 PredictiveStabilityModels. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. 274 8.4 ShelfLifeEstimation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 8.4.1 DefinitionofShelfLife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 8.4.2 SingleBatch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 8.4.3 FixedBatchAnalysisofCovariance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 8.4.4 RandomBatch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 8.4.5 RandomBatchApproachUsing SASProcMixed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 8.4.6 ConsiderationswiththeTraditional MixedModelApproach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 8.4.7 RandomBatchAnalysisUsingBayesianAnalysis. . . . . 295 8.4.8 UsingWinBUGStoPerformaStabilityAnalysis. . . . . 296 x Contents 8.5 StabilityRiskAssessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 8.5.1 EstimatingOOSProbabilityonStability. . . . . . . . . . . . 303 8.5.2 EstimatingtheProbability ofaNoncompliantBatch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 8.5.3 ReleaseLimitEstimation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 8.6 AdditionalStabilityAnalysisIssues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 8.6.1 ModelingSlopeInterceptCorrelation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 8.6.2 MultifactorStudies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 8.6.3 AcceleratedStabilityStudies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 8.6.4 ManagingStorageExcursions. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. 312 8.7 StabilityStudyDesigns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 8.7.1 FullDesign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 8.7.2 BracketingDesigns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 8.7.3 MatrixedDesigns. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . 314 8.7.4 AcceleratedStabilityDesigns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 8.7.5 ComparingStabilityDesigns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 9 AnalyticalComparabilityandSimilarity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 9.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 9.2 StatisticalMethodsforComparability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 9.2.1 LotRelease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 9.2.2 StabilityatRecommendedandStressedStorage Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 9.2.3 CharacterizationMethods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 9.3 ComparabilityExamplesforIndividual Post-changeValues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 9.3.1 CombiningPre-changeDataSets atDifferentScales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 9.3.2 ToleranceIntervalswithReplicateMeasures onEachLot.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 338 9.4 EquivalenceTestingforSummaryParameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 9.4.1 EquivalenceAcceptanceCriterion forNon-profileData.. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. 341 9.4.2 EquivalenceAcceptanceCriterion forProfileData. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 9.5 DesignandPowerConsiderations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 9.5.1 Non-profileData. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 9.5.2 PowerConsiderationswithProfileData. . . . . . . . . . . . 355 9.6 ReportingAnalyticalComparabilityResults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 9.6.1 ReportsforIndividualPost-changeValues. . . . . . . . . . 357 9.6.2 ReportsforEquivalenceTesting withNon-profileData. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 9.6.3 ReportsforEquivalenceTesting withProfileData. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362

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