Table Of Content

Biostatistics S t a t i Statistical Analysis of Human Growth and Development is an s t accessible and practical guide to a wide range of basic and advanced i c statistical methods that are useful for studying human growth and a l development. The book collects methods scattered throughout the A Statistical Analysis n literature and explains how to use them to solve common research a problems. It also discusses how well a method addresses a specific l y of Human Growth scientific question and how to interpret and present the analytic s i s results. Stata is used to implement the analyses, with the codes and o and Development macros available on the book’s CRC Press Web page. f H After reviewing research designs and basic statistical tools, the u author discusses the use of existing tools to transform raw data m into analyzable variables and back-transform them to raw data. He a n covers regression analysis of quantitative, binary, and censored data G as well as the analysis of repeated measurements and clustered r o data. He also describes the development of new growth references w and developmental indices, the generation of key variables based t h on longitudinal data, and the processes to verify the validity and a reliability of measurement tools. Looking at the larger picture of n d research practice, the book concludes with coverage of missing D values, multiplicity problems, and multivariable regression. e v Along with two simulated datasets, numerous examples from real e l experimental and observational studies illustrate the concepts and o p methods. Although the book focuses on examples of anthropometric m measurements and changes in cognitive, social-emotional, e locomotor, and other abilities, the ideas are applicable to many n t other physical and psychosocial phenomena, such as lung function and depressive symptoms. C h Yin Bun Cheung e u n g K13277 K13277_Cover.indd 1 10/1/13 7:23 AM Statistical Analysis of Human Growth and Development Editor-in-Chief Shein-Chung Chow, Ph.D. Professor Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Duke University School of Medicine Durham, North Carolina Series Editors Byron Jones Jen-pei Liu Biometrical Fellow Professor Statistical Methodology Division of Biometry Department of Agronomy Integrated Information Sciences National Taiwan University Novartis Pharma AG Taipei, Taiwan Basel, Switzerland Karl E. Peace Bruce W. Turnbull Georgia Cancer Coalition Professor Distinguished Cancer Scholar School of Operations Research Senior Research Scientist and and Industrial Engineering Professor of Biostatistics Cornell University Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health Ithaca, New York Georgia Southern University Statesboro, Georgia Adaptive Design Methods in Biostatistics: A Computing Approach Clinical Trials, Second Edition Stewart J. Anderson Shein-Chung Chow and Mark Chang Causal Analysis in Biomedicine and Adaptive Design Theory and Epidemiology: Based on Minimal Implementation Using SAS and R Sufficient Causation Mark Chang Mikel Aickin Advanced Bayesian Methods for Medical Clinical Trial Data Analysis using R Test Accuracy Ding-Geng (Din) Chen and Karl E. Peace Lyle D. Broemeling Clinical Trial Methodology Advances in Clinical Trial Biostatistics Karl E. Peace and Ding-Geng (Din) Chen Nancy L. Geller Computational Methods in Biomedical Applied Meta-Analysis with R Research Ding-Geng (Din) Chen and Karl E. Peace Ravindra Khattree and Dayanand N. Naik Basic Statistics and Pharmaceutical Computational Pharmacokinetics Statistical Applications, Second Edition Anders Källén James E. De Muth Confidence Intervals for Proportions and Bayesian Adaptive Methods for Related Measures of Effect Size Clinical Trials Robert G. Newcombe Scott M. Berry, Bradley P. Carlin, Controversial Statistical Issues in J. Jack Lee, and Peter Muller Clinical Trials Bayesian Analysis Made Simple: An Excel Shein-Chung Chow GUI for WinBUGS Data and Safety Monitoring Committees Phil Woodward in Clinical Trials Bayesian Methods for Measures of Jay Herson Agreement Design and Analysis of Animal Studies in Lyle D. Broemeling Pharmaceutical Development Bayesian Methods in Epidemiology Shein-Chung Chow and Jen-pei Liu Lyle D. Broemeling Design and Analysis of Bioavailability and Bayesian Methods in Health Economics Bioequivalence Studies, Third Edition Gianluca Baio Shein-Chung Chow and Jen-pei Liu Bayesian Missing Data Problems: EM, Design and Analysis of Bridging Studies Data Augmentation and Noniterative Jen-pei Liu, Shein-Chung Chow, Computation and Chin-Fu Hsiao Ming T. Tan, Guo-Liang Tian, Design and Analysis of Clinical Trials with and Kai Wang Ng Time-to-Event Endpoints Bayesian Modeling in Bioinformatics Karl E. Peace Dipak K. Dey, Samiran Ghosh, Design and Analysis of Non-Inferiority and Bani K. Mallick Trials Biosimilars: Design and Analysis of Mark D. Rothmann, Brian L. Wiens, Follow-on Biologics and Ivan S. F. Chan Shein-Chung Chow Difference Equations with Public Health Multiple Testing Problems in Applications Pharmaceutical Statistics Lemuel A. Moyé and Asha Seth Kapadia Alex Dmitrienko, Ajit C. Tamhane, and Frank Bretz DNA Methylation Microarrays: Experimental Design and Statistical Optimal Design for Nonlinear Response Analysis Models Sun-Chong Wang and Arturas Petronis Valerii V. Fedorov and Sergei L. Leonov DNA Microarrays and Related Genomics Randomized Clinical Trials of Techniques: Design, Analysis, and Nonpharmacological Treatments Interpretation of Experiments Isabelle Boutron, Philippe Ravaud, and David B. Allison, Grier P. Page, David Moher T. Mark Beasley, and Jode W. Edwards Randomized Phase II Cancer Clinical Dose Finding by the Continual Trials Reassessment Method Sin-Ho Jung Ying Kuen Cheung Sample Size Calculations in Clinical Elementary Bayesian Biostatistics Research, Second Edition Lemuel A. Moyé Shein-Chung Chow, Jun Shao and Hansheng Wang Frailty Models in Survival Analysis Andreas Wienke Statistical Analysis of Human Growth and Development Generalized Linear Models: A Bayesian Yin Bun Cheung Perspective Dipak K. Dey, Sujit K. Ghosh, Statistical Design and Analysis of and Bani K. Mallick Stability Studies Shein-Chung Chow Handbook of Regression and Modeling: Applications for the Clinical and Statistical Evaluation of Diagnostic Pharmaceutical Industries Performance: Topics in ROC Analysis Daryl S. Paulson Kelly H. Zou, Aiyi Liu, Andriy Bandos, Lucila Ohno-Machado, and Howard Rockette Interval-Censored Time-to-Event Data: Methods and Applications Statistical Methods for Clinical Trials Ding-Geng (Din) Chen, Jianguo Sun, Mark X. Norleans and Karl E. Peace Statistics in Drug Research: Joint Models for Longitudinal and Time- Methodologies and Recent to-Event Data: With Applications in R Developments Dimitris Rizopoulos Shein-Chung Chow and Jun Shao Measures of Interobserver Agreement Statistics in the Pharmaceutical Industry, and Reliability, Second Edition Third Edition Mohamed M. Shoukri Ralph Buncher and Jia-Yeong Tsay Medical Biostatistics, Third Edition Survival Analysis in Medicine and A. Indrayan Genetics Jialiang Li and Shuangge Ma Meta-Analysis in Medicine and Health Policy Theory of Drug Development Dalene Stangl and Donald A. Berry Eric B. Holmgren Monte Carlo Simulation for the Translational Medicine: Strategies and Pharmaceutical Industry: Concepts, Statistical Methods Algorithms, and Case Studies Dennis Cosmatos and Shein-Chung Chow Mark Chang Statistical Analysis of Human Growth and Development Yin Bun Cheung Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20130919 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-7156-0 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com To Alice © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contents Preface .....................................................................................................................xv Acknowledgments ..............................................................................................xix Author ...................................................................................................................xxi 1 Introduction .....................................................................................................1 1.1 Overview ................................................................................................1 1.2 Human Growth .....................................................................................2 1.2.1 Fetal Period ...............................................................................2 1.2.2 At Birth ......................................................................................3 1.2.3 Infancy to Puberty ...................................................................5 1.2.4 Adulthood .................................................................................8 1.3 Human Development .........................................................................10 1.3.1 Fetal Period .............................................................................10 1.3.2 Infancy .....................................................................................11 1.3.3 Childhood to Adolescence....................................................12 1.3.4 Adulthood ...............................................................................14 1.4 Statistical Considerations ...................................................................16 1.4.1 Issues Arising from Nature and Nurture ..........................17 1.4.2 Issues Arising from Measurement ......................................17 1.4.3 Complex Relationship ...........................................................18 1.4.4 Normal versus Abnormal States..........................................19 2 Causal Reasoning and Study Designs .....................................................21 2.1 Causality ...............................................................................................21 2.1.1 Association ..............................................................................21 2.1.2 Temporal Sequence ................................................................21 2.1.3 Nonspurious Association .....................................................22 2.1.4 Observed Association Not Due to Chance ........................23 2.2 Study Designs ......................................................................................24 2.2.1 Cross-Sectional versus Longitudinal Studies ....................24 2.2.2 Randomized Trials versus Observational Studies ............26 2.2.3 Further Topics in Study Designs .........................................28 3 Basic Statistical Concepts and Tools .........................................................31 3.1 Normal Distribution ...........................................................................31 3.2 Statistical Inference and Significance ...............................................32 3.2.1 Population and Sample .........................................................32 3.2.2 Statistical Inference and Statistical Significance ...............33 3.2.3 Clinical Significance and Effect Size ...................................35 3.2.4 Parameters ..............................................................................37 © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ix