State Power and Community in Early Modern Russia: The Case of Kozlov, 1635–1649 PDF
Preview State Power and Community in Early Modern Russia: The Case of Kozlov, 1635–1649
State Power and Community in Early Modern Russia State Power and Community in Early Modern Russia The Case of Kozlov, 1635–1649 Brian L. Davies © Brian L. Davies 2004 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2004 978-1-4039-3213-6 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2004 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-51575-2 ISBN 978-0-230-00064-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230000643 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Davies, Brian L., 1953– State power and community in early modern Russia:the case of Kozlov, 1635–1649/Brian L. Davies. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Michurinsk (Tambovskaëì oblast§′ Russia)—History. 2. Michurinsk (Tambovskaëì oblast§′ Russia)—Social conditions. 3. Social structure—Russia (Federation)—Tambovskaëì oblast§′—History. 4. Local government—Russia (Federation)—Tambovskaëì oblast§′ I. Title. DK651.M46D38 2004 947′.35—dc22 2003066381 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 Contents List of Maps vii Acknowledgments viii Introduction 1 The character of state power in Muscovy 3 Compulsory service 10 The chancelleries 14 The town governors 22 Compensations for the deficiencies of bureaucratic power 26 1 Kozlov and the Pacification of the Nogai Front 30 Southern frontier colonization as a state-directed campaign 30 The vulnerable Nogai Front 36 The expedition to Urliapovo Gorodishche 43 Surveying for settlement and defense 49 The construction of Kozlov 55 The wall across the steppe 59 Combat with the Tatars 66 Kozlov and the Belgorod Line 70 2 Enlistment and the Construction of Social Identity 75 The negotiation of colonist identity 75 A colony of volunteers and smallholders 75 Defining eligibility for enlistment 80 Competition for manpower 83 The enlistment process 86 Enlistment targets 89 The social and geographic origins of the Kozlov volunteers 91 The pattern of peasant flight to Kozlov 93 Enlistment and remand policies after 1638 99 Settlement subsidies 105 Determining compensation entitlements 106 v vi Contents 3 Property, Labor, and the Village Commune 117 The Tsar’s bounty 117 The siabr system of collective allotment 121 The pattern of settlement at Kozlov, 1635–1638 133 The defense of property right 136 Labor, production, and consumption 140 Market relations 147 4 Governing Kozlov 152 The personnel of the governor’s office 152 The district service order 159 The church 163 Taxation 169 Restrictions on movement 177 Vagabonds and bandits 182 Policing 185 Justice 197 The southern frontier as a distinct political culture? 203 5 Supplication, Subversion, and Resistance 207 Bribery, feeding, and the politics of gift exchange 208 The theodicy of bureaucratic malfeasance 213 Grievance 216 The repudiation of Governor Roman Boborykin 225 The limits of resistance 242 Epilogue: the degradation of the odnodvorets condition 244 Appendix I 249 Appendix II 251 Appendix III 253 Abbreviations 255 Notes 257 Archival Sources 298 Index 299 List of Maps 1 The Southern Frontier in 1635 ix 2 Kozlov District, 1635–1638 x vii Acknowledgments This project has consumed several years of my life and I could not have seen it through to completion without the assistance, encouragement, and patience of others. My debt of gratitude begins with the University of Chicago, which gave me the opportunity to study history under William H. McNeill, Richard Wortman, Jeffrey Brooks, the late Arcadius Kahan, and parti- cularly Richard Hellie, who introduced me to the study of Muscovite history and who has continued to guide and inspire me over the past 20years. Two generous grants from the International Research and Exchanges Board made it possible for me to conduct research in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts and the Lenin State Library in Moscow in 1978–1979 and 1987–1988. My thanks to the staff of RGADA and the Lenin State Library, and the Faculty of History of Moscow State Univer- sity, who were generous with their assistance and helped to make my time in Moscow unforgettably pleasant as well as productive. I am also grateful for the support I have received from The University of Illinois Summer Research Laboratory on Russia and Eastern Europe, the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies at Harvard University, and the University of Texas at San Antonio. I have had the great fortune to have had the friendship as well as counsel of Kira Stevens, Philip Uninsky, Jeremy Black, Robert Frost, Daniel Kaiser, Ann Kleimola, Janet Martin, Steven Hoch, Gail Lenhoff, Marshall Poe, Wing Chung Ng, Anne Hardgrove, Harvey Graff, Antonio Calabria, Gaye Okoh, James Schneider, Max Tibbits, Greg Smith, Sandy Morrison, and Beverly Davis. It meant a great deal to me to know I could always count on the encouragement of my parents Robert and Kay Gerelick and my brother Joel and his wife Jeanne. And no person could hope for friends more steadfast and loving than Kolleen Guy and Bill, Eric, and Emma Bishel. Above all I thank my wife Paula. Her love, good humor, and wisdom helped me to finally vanquish the Monster in the Box. I dedicate this book to her. viii ix naiae p S s a C fo vo az eA S pokereP 5 3 6 k 1 c a n alBeS tier i n o r F n er h ut o S e h T 1 p a M
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