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STATE POLITICS IN INDIA S T A T E P O L I T I C S I N I N D I A E D I T E D B Y M Y R O N W E I N E R C O N T R I B U T O R S Paul R. Brass Baldev Raj Nayar Marcus F. Franda Balraj Puri Hugh Gray Lawrence L. Shrader Ram Joshi Wayne Wilcox P R I N C E T O N U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S P R I N C E T O N , N E W J E R S E Y 1 9 6 8 Copyright © 1968 by Princeton University Press ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 67-16954 Printed in the United States of America by Princeton University Press Princeton, New Jersey Preface THIS volume is the result of the work of the Committee on State Politics in India, an informal group organized by the editor under the auspices of the Committee on South Asia of the Association for Asian Studies to further our understanding of political development in the states of India. This symposium represents a first effort to deal systematically with politics in the Indian states, and we are painfully aware of its limi tations. It was not possible to include studies of all seventeen states, and we very much regret the omission of nine of them. We are hopeful, how ever, that this volume will both direct the attention of scholars to the vacuum that now exists and stimulate the research already under way on state politics in India. We believe that the eight studies in this volume shed light on the changing patterns of political participation in India, the problems of integration within the states, the variety of state party systems which have developed, and the performance of the state govern ments. These studies were completed before the 1967 elections but all the authors have made some modifications and additions to take these elections into account. Although each author takes full responsibility for his chapter contri bution, I believe I speak for all the contributors when I say that we have all profited from a frank exchange of ideas at two seminars, one at the University of Chicago in April 1961, and another at the Massa chusetts Institute of Technology in late 1964. The introductory chapter represents the editor's attempt to bring together some of the insights provided by the authors in the several chapters. Complete responsibility for such interpretation, however, rests with the editor. We acknowledge with appreciation support from the Committee on South Asia of the Association for Asian Studies, the Committee on South Asian Studies of the University of Chicago, and the Center for Inter national Studies of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. I wish to extend my personal appreciation to several people who read and commented on my introductory chapter or who provided critical guidance on the manuscript as a whole: Bernard S. Cohn. Carolvn Elliott, Gilbert Etienne, Selig Harrison, and Richard Lambert; to Vineeta Singh who aided in the editorial work and prepared the tables for chapter 1; and to Mrs. Eleanor Mamber, Nancy Weber, and Helaine Levi, who provided splendid secretarial assistance. MYRON WEINER Paris May ip6y Table of Contents Preface ν List of Illustrations ix List of Tables xi I. Political Development in the Indian States 3 BY MYRON WEINER II. Uttar Pradesh 61 BY PAUL R. BRASS III. Madhya Pradesh 127 BY WAYNE WILCOX IV. Maharashtra 177 BY RAM JOSHI V. Jammu and Kashmir 215 BY BALRAJ PURI VI. West Bengal 247 BY MARCUS F. FRANDA VII. Rajasthan 321 BY LAWRENCE L. SHRADER VIII. Andhra Pradesh 399 BY HUGH GRAY IX. Punjab 435 BY BALDEV RAJ NAYAR List of Contributors 503 Index 507 List of Illustrations MAPS India 2 Uttar Pradesh 60 Madhya Pradesh 126 Maharashtra 176 Jammu and Kashmir 214 West Bengal 246 Rajasthan 320 Andhra Pradesh 398 Punjab 434 FIGURES Fig. x. Instability of Support for Congress, U. P. 77 Fig. 2. Distribution of Support for Congress in U. P. Elections for Legislative Assembly 79 Fig. 3. High Rural Density and Support for Left Parties, U. P. 89 Fig. 4. Large Landed Estates and Support for Jan Sangh and Swatantra, U. P. 94 Fig. 5. TheAndhraMahasabhaSplit 412 Fig. 6. Chains of Command, Telengana 415 Fig. 7. Samithi Officials, Andhra 418