State-Nationalisms in the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Turkey: Orthodox and Muslims, 1830-1945

261 Pages·2012·2.519 MB·English

by  Edited by: Benjamin C. Fortna, Stefanos Katsikas, Dimitris Kamouzis, Paraskevas Konortas

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State-Nationalisms in the Ottoman
Empire, Greece and Turkey: Orthodox
and Muslims, 1830–1945
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a Tracing the emergence of minorities and their institutions from the early
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8 nineteenth century to the end of the Second World War, this book provides a
2 comparative studyof government policies and ideologies of two states toward
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4 minority populations living within their borders.
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0 This volume transcends the tendency to compare the Greek Orthodox in
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t Turkey and the Muslims in Greece in binary terms. A comparison of the
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] policies of the host states and the operation of political, religious and social
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n institutions of the minorities highlights common patterns and discrepancies
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l between the two states.
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c A collaboration between Greek and Turkish scholars, this book makes
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hi extensive use of new archival material. The broad-ranging research interests
ec andinternationalperspectiveoftheauthorsensurethatthisbookbenefitsfroma
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t balancedviewpointandassuchisanindispensableaidtostudentsandscholars
as alike.
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dl Benjamin C. Fortna is Professor of the History of the Middle East at SOAS,
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i University of London, UK.
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y Stefanos Katsikas is Director of the Modern Greek Studies program at the
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d University of Illinois, USA.
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o Dimitris Kamouzis is a Senior Researcher at the Centre for Asia Minor
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n Studies in Athens, Greece.
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Paraskevas Konortas is Associate Professor at the School of Philosophy at the
Universityof Athens, Greece.
SOAS/Routledge Studies on the Middle East
SeriesEditors
BenjaminC.Fortna,SOAS,UniversityofLondon
UlrikeFreitag,FreieUniversitätBerlin,Germany
This series features the latest disciplinary approaches to Middle Eastern studies. It covers the
social sciences and the humanities in both the pre-modern and modern periods of the region.
Whileprimarilyinterestedinpublishingsingle-authoredstudies,theseriesisalsoopentoedited
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1 volumesoninnovativetopics,aswellastextbooksandreferenceworks.
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2
h 1. IslamicNationhoodand 10. NationalismandLiberalThoughtin
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r ColonialIndonesia theArabEast
a
M TheUmmabelowthewinds Ideologyandpractice
8 MichaelFrancisLaffan EditedbyChristophSchumann
2
8 2. Russian–MuslimConfrontation 11. State–SocietyRelationsin
4 intheCaucasus Ba’thistIraq
:
0 Alternativevisionsofthe Facingdictatorship
1
t conflictbetweenImamShamil AchimRohde
a
] andtheRussians,1830–59 12. UntoldHistoriesofthe
ni ThomasSanders,Ernest MiddleEast
U Tucker,G.M.Hamburg
l Recoveringvoicesfromthe19th
a 3. LateOttomanSociety and20thcenturies
c
n Theintellectuallegacy EditedbyAmySinger,ChristophK.
i
h EditedbyElisabethÖzdalga NeumannandSelçukAks¸inSomel
c
e
T 4. IraqiArabNationalism 13. CourtCulturesintheMuslimWorld
t Authoritarian,totalitarianandpro-fascist Seventhtonineteenthcenturies
s
Ea inclinations,1932–41 EditedbyAlbrechtFuessand
e PeterWien Jan-PeterHartung
l
dd 5. MedievalArabicHistoriography 14. TheCityintheOttomanEmpire
Mi Authorsasactors Migrationandthemakingofurban
[ KonradHirschler modernity
y EditedbyUlrikeFreitag,MalteFuhrmann,
b 6. TheOttomanAdministrationofIraq,
d 1890–1908 NoraLafiandFlorianRiedler
de GökhanÇetinsaya 15. OppositionandLegitimacyinthe
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o 7. CitiesinthePre-Modern OttomanEmpire
nl IslamicWorld Conspiracyandpoliticalcultures
w
o Theurbanimpactofreligion,state,and FlorianRiedler
D society
16. IslamandthePoliticsofSecularism
AmiraK.BennisonandAlisonL.Gascoigne
TheCaliphateandMiddleEastern
8. SubalternsandSocialProtest modernisationintheearly20thcentury
HistoryfrombelowintheMiddle NurullahArdiç
EastandNorthAfrica
17. State-NationalismsintheOttoman
EditedbyStephanieCronin
Empire,GreeceandTurkey
9. NazisminSyriaandLebanon OrthodoxandMuslims,1830–1945
TheambivalenceoftheGerman EditedbyBenjaminC.Fortna,Stefanos
option,1933–45 Katsikas,DimitrisKamouzisand
GötzNordbruch ParaskevasKonortas
State-Nationalisms in the
Ottoman Empire, Greece
and Turkey
Orthodox and Muslims, 1830–1945
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0 Edited by Benjamin C. Fortna,
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U Kamouzis and Paraskevas Konortas
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Firstpublished2013
byRoutledge
2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN
SimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAandCanada
byRoutledge
270MadisonAve,NewYork,NY10016
RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness
©2013BenjaminFortna,StefanosKatsikas,DimitrisKamouzisand
3 ParaskevasKonortasforselectionandeditorialmatter;individual
1 contributors,theircontributions
0
h 2 Therightoftheeditorstobeidentifiedastheauthorsoftheeditorial
c material,andoftheauthorsfortheirindividualchapters,hasbeenasserted
ar inaccordancewithsections77and78oftheCopyright,Designsand
M PatentsAct1988.
8 Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksor
8 2 registeredtrademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationandexplanation
4 withoutintenttoinfringe.
:
0 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedor
1
t utilizedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,now
a knownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orin
i] anyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwriting
n
U fromthepublishers.
l BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
a
c AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
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hi LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
c State-nationalismsintheOttomanEmpire,GreeceandTurkey:Orthodox
e
T andMuslims,1830-1945/editedbyBenjaminC.Fortna,StefanosKatsikas,
t DimitrisKamouzisandParaskevasKonortas.
s
a p.cm.–(SOAS/RoutledgestudiesontheMiddleEast;17)
E
1.Nationalism–History.2.Nationalism–Turkey–History.
le 3.Nationalism–Greece–History.I.Fortna,BenjaminC.II.Katsikas,
d Stefanos.III.Kamouzis,Dimitris.IV.Konortas,Paraskevas.
d
i JC311.S7782012
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320.54095609’034–dc23
[
y 2012009628
b
d ISBN978-0-415-69056-0(hbk)
e ISBN978-0-203-09690-1(ebk)
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a
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l TypesetinTimesNewRoman
n byTaylor&FrancisBooks
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Contents
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a List of illustrations vii
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8 Notes on contributors viii
2 Acknowledgements xi
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4 Note on transliteration xiii
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a 1 The Ottoman Empire and after: from a state of “nations”
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ni to “nation-states” 1
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BENJAMINC.FORTNA
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n 2 Elites and the formation of national identity: the
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c case of the Greek Orthodox millet (mid-nineteenth century
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T to 1922) 13
st DIMITRISKAMOUZIS
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e 3 Millet legacies in a national environment: political elites
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d and Muslim communities in Greece (1830s–1923) 47
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b 4 Nationalist infiltrations in Ottoman Thrace (ca.1870–1912):
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e the case of the Kaza of Gumuljina 73
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a PARASKEVASKONORTAS
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w 5 A minority in a state of flux: Greek self-administration and
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D education in post-Lausanne Istanbul (ca.1923–30) 101
DIMITRISKAMOUZIS
6 The policies of Turkey toward the Ecumenical Patriarchate:
the single-party era (1923–45) 132
ELÇINMACAR
7 Hostage minority: the Muslims of Greece (1923–41) 153
STEFANOSKATSIKAS
vi Contents
8 The Ankara Agreement of 1930 and the minorities:
reconciliation, normalization or instrumentalization? 176
SAMIMAKGÖNÜL
9 “Tax me to the end of my life!”: anatomy of an
anti-minority tax legislation (1942–3) 188
AYHANAKTAR
3 10 Epilogue 221
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0 PARASKEVASKONORTAS
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Illustrations
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a Map
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2 1 Vilayet of Edirne ca.1912 72
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1 Tables
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i 9.1 Wealth tax assessment and payment 191
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al 9.3 Sales in connection with wealth tax in six sub-provinces
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n of Istanbul 210
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c 9.4 Persons selling real property to pay wealth tax 211
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t 9.6 Distribution of the non-Muslim population of Turkey 214
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Notes on contributors
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a Samim Akgönül is Professor of history and political sciences at Strasbourg
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8 UniversityandaresearchfellowattheFrenchNationalCenterforScientific
2 Research, CNRS. His main research interests include the study of non-
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4 Muslim minorities in Turkey, Muslim minorities in the Balkans and new
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0 minorities in Western Europe. He teaches courses on Turkish history and
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t civilization, minorities and migrants in contemporary Europe, religion and
a
] conflict as well as state relations with religious institutions at Strasbourg
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n University, Yeditepe University (Istanbul) and Syracuse University (NY).
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l He is the editor of the Yearbook of Muslims in Europe and the Journal of
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c Muslims in Europe. Main publications include Tartιs¸ιlan Laiklik, Türkiye’de
n .
hi ve Fransa’da IIlkeler, Algιlamalar (2011); Azιnlιk: Türk bagˇlamιnda azιnlιk
ec kavramιna çapraz bakιs¸lar (2011); Reciprocity and Greek and Turkish
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t Minorities: Law, Religion, Politics (2008); Religion de Turquie, religions
as des Turcs: Nouveaux acteurs dans l’Europe élargie (2006); Le Patriarcat
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e grec orthodoxe de Constantinople: De l’isolement à l’internationalisation
dl (2005); Grecs de Turquie: Processus d’extinction d’une minorité de l’âge de
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i l’état nation à l’âge de la mondialisation (2004).
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y [ Ayhan Aktar is Professor of sociology at the Institute of Social Sciences,
b Istanbul Bilgi University. He has published books and articles on state and
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e non-MuslimminorityrelationsincontemporaryTurkey.Hewasoneofthe
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a organizers of the conference, Ottoman Armenians during the Demise of
lo the Empire: Issues of Democracy and Scientific Responsibility (September
n
w 2005, Istanbul). Research interests include: the studyof Turkish nationalism
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D andthediplomacyofthecompulsorypopulationexchangebetweenGreece
and Turkey in the early 1920s; ethnic cleansing and homogenization in
TurkeyandthecountriesoftheMiddleEast.Heisco-editorofNationalismin
Troubled Triangle: Cyprus, Greece and Turkey (2010).
Benjamin C. Fortna is Professor of the History of the Middle East at the
School of Oriental & African Studies in the University of London. His
primary research interest lies in the history of the late Ottoman Empire
and the Turkish Republic, with particular focus on the issue of education
and cultural change. Publications include: Imperial Classroom: Islam,
Notes on contributors ix
Education and the State in the Late Ottoman Empire (2002); The Modern
MiddleEast: ASourcebook forHistory(co-editor;2006);Learning toRead
in the Late Ottoman Empire and Early Turkish Republic (2010).
Dimitris Kamouzis is a Senior Researcher at the Centre for Asia Minor Stu-
dies, Athens, Greece. He completed his Ph.D. in history at King’s College
London.Hisdoctoralthesiswasentitled“TheConstantinopolitanGreeksin
an era of secular nationalism, mid-19th century to 1930.” He has published
articles on the Greek Orthodox minority of Istanbul both in Greece and
3 Turkey. In his capacity as Research Fellow for the John S. Latsis Public
1
0 Benefit Foundation he co-organized the international conference, From
2
h MilletCommunitiestoNationalMinorities:GreekOrthodoxintheOttoman
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ar Empire/TurkeyandMuslimsinGreece,1830s–1939(Athens,2010).Research
M interestsinclude:historyoftheGreekOrthodoxpopulationsoftheOttoman
8 Empire/Turkey, nineteenth–twentieth century; history of Greek–Turkish
2
8 relations, with a focus on minorities; oral history and the settlement of
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: Asia Minor refugees in Greece.
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t Stefanos Katsikas is Director of the Modern Greek Studies program at the
a
] University of Illinois. His research interests focus on the study of demo-
i
n cratization, reconciliation and regional security in the Balkans in both
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l contemporary and historical settings. He has presented findings of his
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c research in academic conferences, seminars and workshops and published
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hi inpeer-reviewedacademicjournals.Recentpublicationsinclude:Negotiating
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e Diplomacy in the New Europe: Foreign Policy in Post-Communist Bulgaria
T
t (2011), which received a Scouloudi publication award in 2011. He is the
as editor of Bulgaria and Europe: Shifting Identities (2010); and guest editor
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e ofEuropeanModernityandIslamicReformismamongMuslimsoftheBalkans
dl in the late Ottoman and Post-Ottoman Period (1830s–1945), special issue
d
i of Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 29(4) (December 2009).
M
y [ Paraskevas Konortas is Associate Professor in the history of the Ottoman
b Empire at the Department of History and Archaeology, National and
d
e Kapodistrian University of Athens. Research interests include: the spread
ad of nationalism in the Balkans; economic and fiscal institutions of the
o
l Ottoman Empire; Muslim minorities in Greece; and the history of
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w the Eastern Orthodox Church during the Ottoman period. He is author of
o
D Ottoman Considerations on the Ecumenical Patriarchate (17th–beginning
of the 20th Centuries) (1998) (in Greek); and of many academic articles.
He was a co-organizer of the conference, From Millet Communities to
National Minorities: Greek Orthodox in the Ottoman Empire/Turkey and
Muslims in Greece, 1830s–1939 (Athens, 2010).
Elçin Macar is Associate Professor in history and political sciences at the
DepartmentofPoliticalScienceandInternationalRelations,YιldιzTechnical
University, Istanbul. His research interests include: the modern history of
GreeceandTurkey;theminoritypoliciesof bothcountries;andthehistory