State and Society in the Philippines

465 Pages·2017·5.497 MB·English

by  Patricio N. Abinales, Donna J. Amoroso

State and Society
in the Philippines

State and Society
in the Philippines
Second Edition
Patricio N. Abinales and
Donna J. Amoroso
ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD
Lanham • Boulder • New York • London
Published by Rowman & Littlefield
A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706
www.rowman.com
Unit A, Whitacre Mews, 26-34 Stannary Street, London SE11 4AB, United Kingdom
Copyright © 2017 by Rowman & Littlefield
First edition 2005.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any
electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems,
without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote
passages in a review.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Abinales, P. N., author. | Amoroso, Donna J., 1960–2011, author.
Title: State and society in the Philippines / Patricio N. Abinales and Donna J. Amoroso.
Description: Second edition. | Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, [2017] | Series: State and
society in East Asia | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017006076 (print) | LCCN 2017007297 (ebook) | ISBN
9781538103937 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781538103944 (pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN
9781538103951 (electronic)
Subjects: LCSH: Philippines—Politics and government. | Philippines—Social conditions.
Classification: LCC DS672.8 .A25 2017 (print) | LCC DS672.8 (ebook) | DDC
306.09599—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017006076
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper
for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.
Printed in the United States of America
To Angela Marie Amoroso Abinales,
in memory of her mother, Donna J. Amoroso

Contents
List of Boxes xiii
Foreword xvii
Preface to the Second Edition xxi
Preface to the First Edition xxiii
Map of the Philippines xxv
Philippine Timeline xxvi
1 Introducing Philippine Politics 1
The Book’s Approach 3
Conceptual Tools 6
The State 6
Social Forces 9
Basic Information about the Philippines 10
Location and Geography 10
People and Practices 11
Political Administration and Political Power 13
Economic Changes 16
2 The Philippines in Maritime Asia to the Fourteenth Century 19
Early Southeast Asian Polities 19
Localities and Leadership 19
Localization and the Growth of Regional Networks 24
vii
viii Contents
Early Communities in the Philippine Archipelago 27
Spatial and Spiritual Arrangement 27
Social Stratification: A Web of Interdependence 28
Trade, Tribute, and Warfare in a Regional Context 31
Relations between Settlements 31
Connections within and beyond the Archipelago 34
An Early Legal Document 37
3 New States and Reorientations, 1368–1764 41
Transformations in Commerce and Religion 41
Islam 42
Christianity 45
Conquest and Division 49
Spanish Rule: Social, Spatial, and Spiritual Redefinition 53
Reducción and Friar Power 53
Reshaping the Economy to Pay for Colonization 60
The Chinese: Essential Outsiders 64
Origins of the Weak State 66
Balance of Power in the Clerical-Secular State 66
Territorial Stalemate 68
The British Occupation 70
4 State and Societies, 1764–1898 75
The Imperative to Reform 75
The New Economy 76
Export Agriculture 76
The Importance of Land 80
Reforming the State 84
System-Wide Reform 84
Provincial and Municipal Government 88
Contents ix
Education 92
Mapping the Peripheries 95
Social Formation and State Response 96
Philippine “Societies” 96
Filipinos 98
5 Nation and States, 1872–1913 102
The Final Years of Spanish Rule 102
Conflict within the Church 103
Struggle against Church and State 104
The Philippine Revolution and the First Republic 109
The Katipunan 109
The Malolos Republic 113
The Philippine–American War 117
The Early Years of American Rule 119
State Building 119
Parallel State Building in the Special Provinces 123
Conservative Nationalism 125
The Continuing Revolutionary Tradition 128
6 The Filipino Colonial State, 1902–1946 134
“Politics” and the Philippine Assembly 134
Filipinization 139
Tammany Hall in Manila 139
Crony Capitalism circa the 1920s 141
Restraining “Politics” 143
Popular Insurgency 147
The Commonwealth Republic of the Philippines 153
The Origins of Philippine Authoritarianism? 153
Social Changes on the Eve of World War II 157