State and Court Ritual in China

228 Pages·1999·32.709 MB·English

by  Joseph P. McDermott

Stataen dc ourrti tual
·
inC hina
Editbeyd
JOSEPH P.M cDERMOTT
UniverosfCi atmyb ridge
CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
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takpel acwei thotuhtwe r ittpeenr missoifCo anm bridUgnei verPsrietsys .
Firpsutb lished 1999 Liosfct o tnbruist or pagev iii
Acknoewdlgeenmts ix
Printientd h eU niteKdi ngdoamtt heU niverPsrietsyCs a,m bridge Lsiotf a bbartoenivsi x
TypesientT ime[s CE]
1.I nturcotdiJoOSnE PHP .M cDERMOTT
A·ca talorgeuceo frodrt hibso ok aivsa illea bfrom BrtihteiL sihb rary 2.A nciCehnitn reisteau sas le einnt hmea terrieaclo rd
LibraorfyC ongreCsast aloguiinPn ugb licadtaitoan JESSICRAA WSON 20
Stataen dc ourrti tuianCl h inIae ditbeydJ osepPh.M cDermott. 3.T hfeen ga nds hasanc riofifEc mepesr oWru oft hHea n
p. cm.- (UniverosfCi atmyb ridogrei enptuabll icat5i4o)n s: MARK EDWARD LEWIS 50
Incluidnedse x. 4.T hei mperwiaayol f dhei anHt anC hinMaI CHAELL OEWE 81
PhaeplaedtrpS tsrJ eoshennC'atostCel odln efCgeaerm,eb Snrtciaedot,agn eneA d,Cp orui6rl-Rt 8i 1,t9 u9ia3nlC. h ina, 5;T hee mperaosbr o hdisvaatt:th beo dhisoadrtitnvaata inodn
I.R iteasn dc eremonies-China-Co2n.Cg hriensas-eSso.lc iifael ritaussaelm bloifEe msp erWou ro ft hLei adngy nasty
andc ustoms-CongrIe.sMsc eDse.r motJto,s epPhe terI.I S.e ries. ANDREASJANOUSCH 112
GT7055.C6S17939 9 6.T hed eartiht oefTs a nDga izoDnAgVI DL .M cMULLEN 105
394'A'0951-dc9271- 192C9I7P
7.T hec eremoofn yg ratOiLItVuERdM OeO RE 197
ISBN0 5 216 21577h ardback 8.T hei mperhioauls echuolltdROs B ERTL .C HARD 237
9. Thee mperiontr h veil laeg:r epreisnteghn sett aitnSe ou tChh ina
DAVIDF AURE 267
1.0 Empereoltrie,as n,dc ommontehrceso :mm uniptacyt
ritoufa lt hMei nlgJaO tSEeP HP .M cDERMOTT 299
11. Manchsuh amacneirce moantti heQesi ncgo urt
NICOLAD IC OSMO 352
12.O nt heaatnrdte h eorreyfl:ie ocntosnr itiunai lm perial
Chinpeoslieic JstA MESL AIDLAW 399
Glossary 417
Index 437
CONTRIBUTORS
ACKNOW�EDGEMENTS
ROBERTL .C HARD UniverLseicttyuU rneirv,e rosfOi xotfryd a,n Fde llow Thivso luimste h oeu tcoomfae c onfer'eSntcaaent,de C ourRti tual in
ofS tA nn'eCso llege Chnia,h' eladtS tl oh'nCso llCeagmeb,r iodng6 -e8,A pr1i99l3 F.o mra ny
NICOLAD IC OSMO AssistParneotsf sDoerp,a rtomfEe anstt Asian yeatrhste o poifct hicso nferheandbc eee cno nsidiemropetrda nfto arn
LanguaagneLdsi tereasHt,au rrvaUrndi versity
undsetrandoifCn hgi nhesisteyo .Br uti th also nsgu ffesreoerudins e glect
DAVID FAUREU niverLseicttyui rnMe ord eCmh inHeisset Uonriyv,e rsity dute oa r epauttifoonbr e ianh gi ghelseyor tbiac ckwaotfsne iro lyow ghich
ofO xofrda,n Fde lloofSw tA ntonCyo'llse ge mosstco hlahrasdt e hw ittsoa voiCda.m birdgbee itnhgse ro to fp alcieit s ,
ANDREASJ ANOUSCH ResechaF rellowE,m manuCeolll eUgnei,v erosfi ty as urprniusmibnoegfr tietasc hsitnaagfn fdg radusattued ehnatdbs yt he
Cambridge ear1l99y0s c omteo s hatrheei rsu diinttese tAr.ne ds oi,wt a dse citdheaadt
MICHAELL OEWE FellEomwe riotfCu lsa Hrael Uln,i veorsfCi atmyb ridge conferoennt cheit so pwiacsn oto nlyd esirbaubtal lesf oaei sblAett. h e
JAMES LAIDLAW UniverLseicttyui rnSe orc iAanlt hproolyo,Ug niversity conferieetnlscffeou rtepeanp etreson,f w hicahr ceo elcltheedr wee,r e
ofC amrbdigea,n Fde lloowf K ign'Csol lege preseonntv eidr tueavlemlrayyj oCrh indeysneas t.Ty hea uhtorbse nefited
MARK EDWARD LEWISU niverLseicttyui rnCe hris neeU,n iverosfi ty greaftorlmyt hpea rticiopfsa hctoiloannro srt e rpesenitnte hdiv so lume:
Cambridge TimB arrPeetttBe,ur r kPea,t rEibcrieaSy t,e fFaenu tcwhanJga,cG koo dy,
JOSEPHP .M cDERMOTT UnivseirLteyc tuirnCe hnrie sUen,i veorfs ity RoebrHti dne.G, i lbLeerwtsi ,R oberNte athEedrwa,r dS haughnessey,
CambriadngFde el,l oowfS tJ oh'nCso llege EdwaSrhdi alnsdH, a nvsa dne V enM.u cho ft hceo nfereinnctee'lsl ectual
DAVIDL .M cMULLEN PreosfsoofCr h isneeU,n iverosfCi atmyb riadngde , diusscisonin,fo itt hsum ourh,af so nudi twsa yb ack tihnpeta op earnsdI,
Felloowf S tJ oh'nCso elgle hope thaatr ttihwceilsleels serve asw haewtva isda e hnicgeh lyof
OLIVERM OORE AsissttCa unrtaoDre,ap rtmoefnO tr ieAnnttailtq iueis, instrauncpdtl ievaes oacancsti on.
BritMiusshe um Thec oenrfenwcase s upporbtySe td JoChonll'esgC ea,m birdgteh;e
JESSICAR AWSON WardoefnM ertCoonl leUgnei,v eorfsO ixtfyo rd BritMiusshe utmh;Se p aldiFnugn da;n da g enoeurgsi fftor m aann ony­
mouAsm eridcoanno SrtJ. o hsnp 'roivdeedx emplsaerryva incdse pu port;
Ic ani magifneewp lacmeoser pleasfaonhrt o ldian cgon fereInnc e.
organizing thIeb epnreoficcteoeendds riiandbgeflsry o tmh ea dviocfe
MichaLeole wweh,o h elpoeudtw itthh ei nitpiraelp arfaotrti hoen
conferaenndfc reo,Dm a viMdc Mullwehno,sk en owdlgeeof C hinsetsaet e
rithueallpt eosd h atphece o ncseo rfmn anoyf t hCea mbridpgapee rhse r. e
Lataesre ditIoa rg,a bienn efiftoremdt hemf,r ommy c olleaMgaurek
Lewiansd,f roamS tJ oh'ngsr adusattuedK eennB tr ashfioherir hs e lwpi th
thgeol ssarIyw .i sthoe xprmeyss si ncgerraet ittotu hdeeam l aln dt oa ll
othewrhsom adteh ceo enrfenacs eu ecscasn dh elpteosd e iet psap eresn d
upi nt hviosl u.m e
J.P .M cDemrott
ABBREVInAO NS 1
Intruocditon
JOSEPHP .M cDERMOTT
CSJC Congjsihcuh eng
Rituhaalsb e ean c entcroacnle ronfC hinecsuelt fuoraret l eafsotu r
SBBY Sibu beiyao
SBKC Sibu congkan tohusayneda Irtsp .r ompttheeeda rlkineoswutns eosfC hinwersiet aisn g,
SKQZSB Sikquu anzshehnub en welalst hmea kianngdu soefv irtuaaltllhl eeya rleixeapsmlteo sfw hawte
nowc aClhli naersAte .s elf-daecfitniiovnfrig ut lyae nrdfsa mliiaelsi ikte ,
waasl asd oo miniasunseft o arl l imtophtrea nstc hoolosfC hintehsuoeg ht.
Whiplreo vg{':idhiinnweisteah s tandfaodrrid is ntgsuhiitnhge mseforlmv es
non-Chiannedes veea,nl hlu manfrso amn iamlist,asl ow asv iewbeyd
nol attehrat nh teh icredn tBuCr ays a princoiftp hlceeo somsM.o re
terrestthrpeir aalclatynii,dcn efl ueonfrc iet ual sbteryeottnhcdeh esdp here
ofr egliiowuosr ispah nedv etnr aiodnilatr itoefps a sesi,an gttohq eu otidian
worlTdh.e rietg avae s hapteoc ommong eusrtse,a ddendu ances to
manrnsea,n pd roviadf erdaem worfko r otarhlae n wdr itetxepsnrs eioofn
languIanfg aec.it ti,sm paocntt h oer ganaiczteiidevo sift t hCeh insetsaet e
and cwoaupsrr to bblafya grr eattheairnnt hpeo liatnibdeu sr eraauccoife s
othsetrea st.
Thirsi toufat lh Ceh iensceo uarntds ttaeh,o wevhearrs,e ceilvietdt le
scholaatrtleyno tvieornp atshctee nt.Tu rhyec anonbiocoaoklns r itausa l
wealstl h dey nsatriict cuoadlae nstd r esaehtsai vset rmuacnkW ye setrsni on­
logiassbt oisrn pgi eocfe se xiortrieclate oav m aonedtr unn derstoafn ding
Chiniemspee hriisaytlS.o irnce Cmhiannesysc eh oslhaeardrts h viise twh,e se
texrtesc eodueotdfs igohnttt ohd eu ssthye luvseusar lelsye frovcrer da cked
choiinsieeAr.l thoiunrg ehc yeenattr hsre i toufca elr tdayinna ssr,te iileoisgu
anpdh liopshoitcraalod nisat,ni d evvielnlh aagbsee ses nt ueddti,h ciosl lec­
tioonfe syssma arkasn owtoetrhcyh anignte h set uodfyC hniesrei t.1u al
Treatmetnso fr itinud aiffle erntd yanstiesi nclHuodwea Jr.dW echslOfefi!rri,n ogjsJ adaen d
I SilRki,t uaanldS ymbiontl h Lee gitimoaJttihToe'n a Dnygn as(tyN eHwa veYna:l Uen iversity
Pres1s9,8 5G)an;H uaiz1th'eI!,lL�n, Tangdaijliiazmyhiaian ojm i1u� *Jtilitl!irHJf(J'i'T aipei:
Shangjfwufi f9;',1 991K)a;i -wCihnogw T,h eR isoefC onfucian RiitnLu aatlfeim spme rial
ChinEat,h iCclsa,s saincdLs i,n eaDgies co(uSrtsaen ford UPnriesv1se9,r9 s4Yi)at;my a ne
MitsuyiolJflils hc:=:i HS,o draeiise suk enky'*'ii 1 1::f!inL li JfJ'i' (HirosKheiismishuaa:l¥o 71<. it,
1996a)n;dK ,o jiTmsau yoIsJht\i !EiCh�u,g okkiun nsieo ik erreuni o g ensecf'tlmsiliutit iC::!O
It Q:fL<7)( Ta-oiilkl.Ty ook:y doa igsakhuu ppa*nR:k::kai"ttt Jt&4:;1,9 96T)h.cea lssaiccc ount
ofs tartiet oubasle rvaattn hcAeel tasr o fH eaviesIn s hibUasshhiEio1fH Ht, Tendxalin
1
x
2 JosepMhc DPe.r mott Introduction 3
Fristmloyso,tft he yesfs osucasa sm ucohn t hpee rformoanfrc ieta usao ln theem permoerm,b eorfhs i csl aann,hd i osf fictiopa elrsf ofromr sttahtee
thtee xtthse msse.Slc evonedly,t hees sadyicssu ssst artiet -utahlre i tual ove1r00 r itlftahlawste rceo ncearsnm eudc whi tthh iwso raldsw itthh e
co�pield� nd performbeyod ffi ciaalnsde mperfoortrsh d ey anstayn di ts surpneaturalF.o irn staannec mpee,r ionra ,d dittioofo fnren igs acritfioc es
rulfmmag ly- asw elalsc outrr it-utahlre i tnuoactlo idfieidnt hceod eosf Heavaenndh iasnc estwoarsrs e,q uitrope edr foasr mtt aer itautaa llh li s
startieti bua�altc tuaplelryf ormaettd h ceo rutf oarn db yt heem epror, publaiucd iewnithco efsfii claasn d orfeigenm isiseaasrta, l rli toefps a sgsea
membeorfhs s f amyi,al nd ehvioesffin c iparlisv aTtherdilly,yt .h edyic suss fromc omionfag g e aacncde stsomi oounr nianngdfu nrealsa,t r ehearsals
the roifmti ousaotlft hmeaj odry naesspt,ri ovitdhifienr gsm to dnea rccount fowra rfaarneda, ft er hbaaredvs tHsem. a y havet opf eaorirflmte hde m,
ina nlyn aguagoefC hinsetsaeat necd ourrti touvaeltr h een tsiprree oafd lacktehfdeun dtso p erftohrema msd eseidar,n edv eanp poipnrtxoeidte os
Chinheistsero .yM oerovetrh,ec oyn sitesnltyr efutsose q uetehzies pro­ perftohremim nh ipsalc eB.u ts,u cnhe gcltme adhei vmu nlerablet oc ensure
longeexdp eriienntccoae t egaolriiteeosnC hinetsread iotfir oiunta.sl fromh iso fcfiiaalnsds eldsoumec ecdientdh er emoovfatl h ersiet ufarlosm
Dispilnaagyn i mpresspriovfseeis noalf mailiariyt witthh feu lrla ngoef thset a'rtsie tcuoad.l e
Chi'nshai sitcoatrle xotnsr i tlu,ta ehyp rescelneta rc earntdea viind ence Furthertmhoerrsieet, u aanldts h eciord beesc atmhepe rin ciaplc oncern
tthartaW deistCtihesnoirnionln ogaaeiclssc eato rsulfen eo ttarhsr e nanriiugrnaau gbny,lcam enaodlrt eyha sanebncdse a f roterovfe au,ll u ec hoicotefha eposaferifi tcaimlcisvug onlhacoatlghtr ral ovyquoe upf oa ffilcaiailfispies irnvd e ri tstuthlaseyel, yv ecwdreeyyrrn teaa.es Wi xthnpyilelyre t s
oft erms. ont hkee cyl astseixcatansldt hediyrn a'srsti ytcuoadlwe h,i cthh eoyft en
In seektionp gr oivdseu cahn i nforrmeeadd oifna g idwe arvitye of treaats'e ludigr tis'e.T hust,h teih s-lwdolerisansn pdo litcioccnaelr onfts h e
Ch.meascec ouonfst tsaa tnecd ou rrtiu tatlh,ee ss ayisnt hciosl lehcatvieo n state nodtui ndd iot isn timraetlei aonnrc iet uBaulra.eu craicnpyr e ­
indepndenltyc omuep oan c ommosne otf t hemIensp .a rtliactruh,r ee moedrnC hiwnaats h ceu stondoittah nee,n emoyfa, tl eacsetr tkaiinnod fs
coneceornrsr ,e loantsishi,sp eetmoh avree peatgeadilntyeh dea iurht ors' rit.u al
�tteinottnh:e orfro ilteiu npa olli ctsti,hr ee loanot fri ittuola alun aggaen,d Iits nuroprtis nigst hetnh amta nsyc hohlaavrjesug ded trhietcsueoa dle s
e.ltatned popcuolnacerop fet msp eroodr.Fh ior,ls etuts c onsidtehre toc onstiats uttrei ksie-nlegcfnllsyoe sdy stoefpm r ersicbbeedh oauv.riT heri
retliaoonfr ittuoCa hli npeoslcei sSt.oid eept harero eo otfts h tihse mteha t se-locfnsciuosues a rocfh vaocibacu l,a rytfhreueienqrt f ocounst hsea me
itpsr eodminainntc hevi os lusmheo uclomde a sno suprirsEev.e mryaj or riatlus,t haveno udlm eosfs h colacrmmoleyn traitehse bye goatlp,loi nttoa
iCtBhnoCii t)ctssno ospude n eyrvsscnvcae.iitaioySl dcass doeelieemTrr dn shaetynrc.edatliae s i ets enauttaw csaihseevomtZlee nmaps hss tbsneoof ldtdu aeyi an ralmasot tsiay ,foihkt(T s taieilhle vt cetKi hche egmatiye raiirnu iyctata aRuunnlticredo scuyms epC-asinl3oeletrdd nud etr iya l rcdhelaymavnsciaeeatlsmr xia.T kpeich aemmonubraetoQsltsdivi,eit nen o sevdutrgveriyih e yarntaert taytn rrus aaaiatlbdltytllieslu h etxoyaerdip ml e ooe eoccdrner ftoue xtt hdldpsswaoyd we to iun,trah sa rotty'uasisetesrntet a iodyxurltod aasc.ufTgle aod ogsaicle e tro i rolnt ai,ete r
D(yDan a(sTKMtaayiyniuhn gaugdIi ni ,io afoA nfD1, 705 239a) an nd1dT 85 h7Ce)do ,rele chlwteaS vetliyda u tpoouftnt h eMttesih h rneeg e atnhinfe snu atenrcboaerfla o nue itggothlh htic- gebhnyrDtt yaA u vDiM edcm Mpuelrw:lote erhrdvn eeie rstiugiansdlateiltancyfegtat odelor s
c(lZauhcsI aoasliccia )ounn,dtt sh eCri oertfue -amitloha nBaelo nsRod oik fRt iu(ta(iYuIlL ajtsi-li)t t ) ho,fRe o i rtamou h fZai hlgo huly tkehyn ofesooearo- f nCunfeurcptaierelasx onctn dr ioinmb eetsdcrwt liusoiatas cliT r,chia Fetlamc u ioaeldRlsay i sw t euolaafMlsi l a ntsts h eer
Zh(uZ hjuiz,aui hs )ei dnm aneyd ucaftaemldii ferso amr guatbhtlewy el fth
selofn-sccitoruasd iotfsi toanrt iueta l.t hAesss tea rtiet ualw ecrobedy e s
middle impe'rlaimaolws itt thieomxuectseo pnst ainctiboytn hetedr adi- tot heea rtwleytn eitchne tury.3
.t inoaClo nfucoiuoatonlko n th ec osmoasn ds oci'e,tt2hy eoyb liugseuda lly Eveinf t her eamrkabtelxet cuoainlnt uiotfsy t artiet uwaalsns o t
constarnectfltleeyid nt heaicrt upaelr focremt,ah newye rset iilnlte edn,d
lkier ituiangl esnr eatlo,i mpatrt op artiaccutlnisao,rr e ilaotnisphsa,n d
(TokYyaom:a mosthoo tllJ2Feifnrn , 1597)T.w ou suelfb ioblgrapihsio enC hinreisteu al and institauc teirotsnaasin nc toirat tly e,a tsomt a ke tlheevsmus l nertaob le
relastoecd,ia anldr eligaicotuisva irtSeia eisTk eit su�r*ot'l' �BRe,i gakkaun kbeuin ken att.aI cftk hetnh oen goicnogn toefxm to sotf t hesstea rtiet uwaalss
tkm�oeh �kno (ukyubThriiauguo *bkhnkLouktum�nube T o ttnaok�u : yuitaor¥-CslkosaXa kehiiiXiJjunii!: l'j')j"i( k T(�t�ayli§o sn �lifFk*h�gT f;\'jJ\:yi ffo xost'iI:M.ii :iss Z\1ti!: hgu lifFh, oJ\: o t�*na�es,1Jg 1 ng pifl9 urneij8o,ciiA9 ai1ns)doa89s.,(a l5u , un sa )e ss4oixn he.)iModi<Ps fu aif t ulnn ShI!i!lrjt:f g he vo!til: oi seurn�nfChya, hSil;\!;\ l ikyh oni'iI:seM h sie psaocogeialslsbi,ot tt unaiihsndtgceedar aisrnnalrt,asdk, i fe s onac,rgnguh pideere arnerrcd h.fieTa ocrhnrrasecbmelw eul esrar iuitbesatie uleota imnwulnssptenl a hedyZrene ht rooitftdduea yiof snkef os aerftysnee t nrt
(HonKgo n:g Zhonsghhuu<Pja�u 1IftU,1 919.) tombs sbtyuJ deisesdRi acwas on awleplru et tthoes ruep pothret
1 DaviMdc Mlule'nB,u reaauncCdro astmso lTohgeRyi :t uCaold oefT 'aCnhgia n'i,nD avid
CannadainndSe i mon ePdrsiR.ci,et u,oa flR so yay:lP towearn dC eremoinni alT raditional DavMicd Mull'eTnh,e rdietaoeftTs ha nDgai og'( itnh viosl ume).
Socie(tCiaemsb rUindigvee Prrsei1st89sy7, 1) 6:8. 3 zn
4 JosePp.Mh c Dermott Introduction 5
cnotinuoaftu inoenq usatalt uasnedrs e latoifob nosn,de sv,ei nno t the bye mperwoerrsne o nte cseasyr ciolncaonrwtdit hth ee xsiintgs ocial or
afte�frelF.i fth-ceBnutdudrhyri isttua attl hse Ldiyannags ctoyru'tas,s poliotridcearl s-utrheialsat yni mporfitnadniton fAg n drelaaosnu sch's
explabmyeA dn drelaaosnu scwhe,rp ee rformteogd a itnh eem pertohre demonstroaft ihoaon cw e rtBauidnd histp rsreeinttuaea hdli erarchy
secualnadrrl e igilooauylst oifea slh li SsU jbec.Tt hsen inth-cceenrteu­ry radicaatol ddlswy i tthh see cuolrsa tra otred oefrs outh iCnhh iitnsia m e
monyo fg r.atIatnuadley bsyeO dl ivMeoorr es ougthott ransftohrem andt hubse caimtes aep lofl iatciAtcl.asl oJ ,oe sphM cDemrotte'ssso any
imp�erclii veixla maitniionntsaso e lecptrioocfneo srs establishing ptahrteir tosunea­clt oifso inx teenth-centpuarcy(t xsci oamnmgsuyhnuoiewt)ey d ,
chenttI beest wteheeenx amiannetdrh sce a ndidtahtepeyas s sTehdre.i tual nostu rpritshianttghp leey r,f ormoafan s cien rgiltecu aacnlo mmunicate
componoefns ti xttehe-nncteurcyo mmunpiatcytd sr awunp b ye lite anmde adni efrfetnhti ntgod sie frfesnotic aglr opusM.o reovmearnoy,t ehr
membeorfls o claialng eesg hs-toa,uc cotro1d 0isnegMp cDhe rmottoit n,is lt esyssae,s pecMiaarlLkle yw iosnt' h fee nagn sdh arni tuoafEl msp erWour
tc:olesOortnfM i aaenmsco hrntuiglu siatnl estma hegQebmbei ye a rnaslne,odtm nhpegeoei rrgd,hi tseceubnsytNs chieo-cdmco Dpeliina lt au-ry otfht ehrHieear cn do yrtndraeasgddti iayvt,neit doehc nvelseiie,vdra oet rlnh vicarinetint tgettu reaapxtlnarti snreso dpa eryocre roflm-aeenxsci,s ted
•, Co ormsd-oeb,sru t rriBeatuslhds,eeed t dhfh icansstitoiic,ldo, kan iraonilfa,t l yeMl taa hnnn-dcwi h.acAu se ls xtlph liqisusc ehisattpl eydf or tinht ehohieror im gopigeneoranrmhfleaa onrmeuco,sssn d tyea rstiibetry cuec oadoul uorsblft edfia c cloiSscmo.noeo t (neo lnrot a)niac gofttuessr in
byp olictoincrncasela, l inpke rhmaopsset v idienn tlt aheteie g hth-centuryc ouratndsdy nastiweistd hri isrvaeegeenmn t.
imperfuniearlda eslc ribbyeD dav iMdc MullHeenr_ae n,i mperfuniealr, a l Thiosp psoitwioornk eadtl eiants htrw eayes O.ft eintt o opklc aew ithin
witahl tlh ep olitiacnadsl p iritthuaratelis t p oseda dtyon asitsy , thter aidoinotsfs tartiet wuhaelir,te bcead ni scebrynn oetdi ctihnaegc tual
transfoirnmtaoeni d m peraicasclse iroin.t eOnacgea riint buealc aam e polictoiencxtabtle hitnhdce h oiocfae r it,ua anldt htei mianngdl otciaon
onfao tdruearrla.fll oy ar n o fficidaolmc osntanctolnyc earbnoeudt m atihnet enance opfli etpetsese rcsnfo,on rtmrToaahnndecsiadse,cnie. tds o i abgsrceuferrmieetnqnituteelassyor escfo lsrfasco itamvthl eiee nnx eActrsosa m.b­ le
Wherteh,ae n thorologpismtussw to ndearr,e ltihmei sntaaslt, te he RobeCrhta reds'ssma ayk easb undacnlteltayhr ti,es ux atclo unsfimoand e
momenotfes c staseyx,p etrhioeefc n ocmem untihtseae sn,os fle ie bration, itn ecessarye mfpoerra onrtd h oehf ifisc tioacl hsoo esa monrgi tuoarl s
antdh qeu efsotr saltvhaattthi ecoyln at iohm a vfeo unidnt hrei toufas lo amondgie frfepnrte scriopftt hiseoa nmrsei tuTahle.ds ief fnceeraselo lwed
manoyt hceurl tuIrste hsiw?so rlodfr ittueaxlst ocs o mmitttooe rdd er eacvhe rsoifao r ni tourae la cpho liocnay r itiusasltu oae t triatocswt n
stabialnidht ayr,m otnhyai ttr si tuaarltesr udleyv ooifdd i soradnde r grouopfa dvoecsaW.ti tsnsae d ebaotnie m persiharlii nnte hsFe o·mr er
uncertaHionwct oyu?lt dh edsreyt extthspe, r edicotuatbclooem fae Hanw hiclhab ye hisnodm oef t hper actMiiccehsaL eowlee d escriinb ed
pthrooucageoihsffmts uesa ld tolr od-oebumdlte ininr ntiiu hztap,eila nsght ae?vv eee rx citthepeda ssiaonnds thrievsco olubunfymtLo eeior dme pwieenara s ineacplea swrtoarrtaseblah y nita bdphrm u etir isdiic daonlll feteLt, h a hete He fiarr.n As st century
Manoyf t hees sianyt sh viosl upmreo vtihdeaens urprising responBsCet htHeoa ns tafteeli tt soebllfi tgoem da k,eo na ver,ao gneea ncestral
tlhisoikcnseoee fp t tahsiesoc siscaeamslslec onitfCe hnitniseststatersth i uceetaao. ltIn ttife nseno rwtdtehhi niatncgcthgeah e c v byoei n rtttoeh n d, oafnefcreiesnsvtghier rntraeuwylsne d nmietitrycns au .rteW eeviestsdr huay cy coh oft n hisuyecpoe ruafi aslto i naetol hfitr they1ea 7 t6e ning
thviosl u,tm hearti tiunam la noyf i tfsuc ntioannsdfae turiesss i mitloa r thse ta'tsfie nnaceosf,fi cieanlgsa gienad n o ngoidnegb aatbeo utth e
origeRsa.t hbeyrp ,rb oinbge netahtpehl acsiudr foafrc ei tcuoadlae nsd numboefrg eneratthiHeoa nnss t awtoeu lndor malclayrf eo trh beu rial
presicor,nit sphtepyr oviadnheo etrm,o rceo mbustainballeyo sfti hse shrionfie tses m peraonrdts h efiarm imleymb erAs fi.n adle sciiowni,t h
relatiboentswhCeiheipn n ersiet aunadpl o ew,rr eliagnipdoo nl cisMt.oi ts broiamdp altiicfoonorst hsetrap tolei caineds itmhpee fraimailcl oyn'cse pt
.o bvisoltuyh,es yh otwh e bgeatpwsre ietntu eaxlat nsrd i tpuearlf ormances, ofi tswealsmf a,d oen liynt hLea tHear,n a st hset aitnte h Feo rmerH an
ands od iscsleoisroeup sol itdiicvaiilos ntsh esstea rtiet uwaelrsoe ft en repearteevdelryis tpesod l itcomy e etth e ddesmo afon fficail,as lalb lteo
expecttode ids sgeou rii gonr.eT huNsi,c aoD liC omsos hotwhsae t tempt finjdu stificatthievoiinre i wfncso l ra stseixcatanslpd r acetsi.c4
tou srei ttuosa tla ndatrhdeeit zhena inrcde ligdiiovuesro sfti htMeya nchu Thuosn caes e-lcfonstcriaoduisot fri iotnau raol-s aen d twhaastt h e
couarc te ntauftreyir tc so nuqesotfC hinaan,Dd a viMdc Mullwernio tne s casfe�rm earliimepsetrt iiamalet st hlea t-ersitt dueacloi nsisin C hina
mtohcreioe nm tl'teierliodeanf Bsta usi dotdnrh iCicTotshnlmefy.asu necfd oiu tanhnese rtraaa lrnte i emtf puowearerpl rmoesearr d asoelor ln y omiftgebhnhect aa vmuehes i ugahcblloelyney ctn oe mmsoptsieubtldny e,hC d moa onrnfiuocasuifacsfarih nsoA .l rt aionr tuscur oatdlue r e
usetdob ridhguegc eu ltguarspa,al n dgo lsosv eorri gnotrhere e ligious
diefrfeenstc,h acto ntitnodu ievdti hdvieas se tm piarneid t csor utl onagf ter Michael LoDeiwve,i noM/Yilolhnoo.ga yn.Md o naricnh yH Cahni (nCaa mbridUgnei versity
ap erformoafsn tcareti et eunadle Yde.tt ,hr ei tuparloosps eadn de nacted 4 Pres1s9,9 42):85 -97.
6 JosephP .M cDermott Introduction 7
.Iho�vI�eledsulv�tVotesahCtrdSipd�iehowrInty� �yshaoOlmesO?hIeCfmhCyci�roeinee 1ixsnafF�tcteue�nat n0ftsh;rmnc?iputceefop tecssi ttrmpe tt oo ufmmrowaatnha���pufihpueao.oeoalme ywene tiSeatuseosoi ehtp arfapeawta.rftsdshyeb(ntTrn ee nrf uonlu firsrstsec�edtoafnmonhneasewn oileththgno adiho a ��uy tbahlorevB d r oneldtyonoo cies m ldD ) na�otirerolnedr rtmcItihacettn�rnsl rhnne notPeehcir�tr e at umutr.nroarkdipsr�saeaan.um ngoau mC oho.Sneadonh to d ilieefi hr ( rsItea n,ngrmhes o'r ctm t�eoe v dcld! as fcrpctboenroimmf� ot ad neoefftl s wseenetmeldoth af naee-t spgooerrni,,t leeoaI�eeelsrI ctsMouni hnav rcf is-aua sp doof no,t Iunl lcnmit s btflsd d n clSw. vro rrce ouhnntnrpde elihfiaaTmebatgutarti pto hir wOypraeeohio oee cuMf hef emiaeife etdo ereratcnlhixolee t,rhsghcnermeeaagrn e su trenmustw taivp.,orcotdsnlp rhrio.s sssnuiype stp urnretet psrtteddt eaa bsbity lhrtnsha iotheisia mirhu ,s ,seamo ttatnaa aootsete asyyhhaeea oyha,kbhnslso stlesaone p lefitiaetter,tmer ffit lnecfrp anelllano h rr nt feredrfigrbaln ah eeodaener aac)vrtdr irn trh hetc uaiytta naoiettla ,sfacroiasehio ieiresltnatita tw actmwg neeon es o,uh:odnis e eivienan thtssnfco e r c · ttofelf ertlss;yo s snheohvhnordcpof sdicd cnne ltagts t. cectlgclhaeheoiotaffi tef mh-t, nefy uya tnH,ntn endveeeefisciseHyou wsf oloeyo ox atiueiunri e ip hvep raoffitec ittoaspeh iruc ta -gce iyacw e coo e stnei la tvu nct naaniwl im spaei adndlchniohrmssuiaiemn ehlehren'laa.eir eufsa tdHi rerg,ocblogiatoAsfir tnnsleis ofietafinesacslri epaed.fae desc ff o m,eosr shl bibnt aneit hpsrorsinotoheda crr nmnwuttarnialisoinhiepmrSo y u nnete t atcasp f ttisnetnet st s lithon srharpe ar ttiices eihngol'ssomc crd mr o,a.l vndommephoiue in o opuefsah c ihne eTw titbral rbhm atonceuelehe ssi,p ni e epet l iepw peeeuerrcaecc -thtoruaetnao-ftw xeharploeoteeftiieohiibvto c ltarn mna p.asl h.itreitnnrn sihthm a ii ausll sn dop cueypom r aelT tuxac ltam fns loc f vancaot eynce tiatryttfato aa ,npwstaweps t lmetck en rwf naiarwtaoiytpt leeuelceitsekrae n yoclhnft ho sndpcl epr r i lntihuvlhe neeehd cnr guelmne teoavs n oprn edeve tdTog us ofh t r wtrhst traomeru biret rtrviso aatregs a nee hr teseueaoh e s ed ihnoainl.rehomHoie uolornametlnshiunaitssa ripCst moiatl tsoeot miefs rrr foe ridsueff-sohffnosm yde swi plnsaprtgtrpahce erorrle d cenh oe t aii,f rcereouc amts xfwita;.tiseCtamts at n epselclhr sbi fredoee.yfy ,ade t i ngue mg lxnnn rmll otiatas oreorsu ier onhrdee o br o iftveiatyramirn e u nnitDeta rttt ate,tfi hndn,nnea o nedrtrl cOecefuepipo onthna ooletmssatievo ot hiloohfeir , aipbeeait lyoa fnishaeuf roivh butlpolowa dgrbbiuyviobte sniffiouc' rex emullma rtn cfl fm ncute okh fitteeififtaen tetslpte ez wvetyrtint teccatetcptt t eeafityotnitil e,a.it c,d o deacihoet henah oiie oel,haii ihe hirrtrh oaihshn etnh ren na n zoi sevuioadfnuerdilnioe wna soeeewoeeieeern eeitue eregs ae pgeatnp aen as lg n s us s n s o sdra as e.n fl l l fsss an eell d ts ,,a, ls . h u .emthml'p,rtUb'd;tcimpdt nrrobeconitrDWdoenteeaimigahatoythecArooeimfsoto rfouon toahinarchmcnsgo�usninhndoeenin rm-ttitotmtuehbncthvoCesrleeaphadcdftheidrakeloe rtto-emadiau nrhhr esdhleoiiortipwntemumu y tet ose bascef sthutCapginnmaitm aacete ese bpudrsneeoe t rmsenthx aeuhefpasfet irsaceia chooepae,ndntalssht os r eselcdemdhfcarrrroas heatnser nhia ysaoitl lonrenruiirdn a startoetopuvstalPilaaesl,i�irlsse,arnee tetsnt dsldetodda,imtfnasu pnrf nno ete,teeujedflrhaeoo rronnda f onsio, tl h do tdnmtroep aa rfhym oeii gt eqec uusrtiv elrrene sdonsla iwaedb rlaytet sefibhr rf h cyi oodyncoin ae n lniooepu airecct-yctoetrcaintct bcanetG, bt ooetovaufeobyie ao tsu sdlsntffian s yf tfne rfrvti hms ohnsnw hetacginCaielhcdmcur alsumgerialolre wt tnuustwe wmaurectps ia oh dsoonah,eit net vnei lioo ht seer eaereEle,t niiolyr toh uco rracierhbfoiaasimitrossrtan ttr pn enaotc aoors onbnieilmilnortaiml R tasn yriaffoo erblraoyuotaurlnstpyema t ahtdimoua itrhetlne tn tten posfiwtsttanhatrtp isnl a siclunOo oll i gcrotlk ui,r,sp albt eo.acnMrbse erne-u hesbrfenhp n cha d tae cuwetr alltothastenrhranete o d aa ce etosho nhnn octt tuhe Cfme mosoeeooebpseesi itartiui ttahu s cetwtii t u acu T Cslasnep'eusuceoltie eWtidnuoe opervlace r tts snnsfolthaatrcpietaashed,naosiatthrao, sl tTui tt mewtvh reru s cnon,tt eeiTitut h hopm ra lhpfeguiauvevlei sd ol habtni t,wh eglrrr . ahhe esotr thft edhrtrarthowseenoa t rr oai athlle esmrbsni n.yeto feh eido aa nedraeay ftaoacum eeiosen oufe Efrychiosiluwela ,birne sdhntg tsrfcset dnrre u yv ineirriocopc yrugr arreCmf e oeltgnt raotir bleteomih ihe oohboeeihss itmdpn.etdnngyfinuse 5wb rli'nhcpuguriurf,eelonr ienulotoniesEdiL.vfede rm ftt apoao h,ty e atrA ro let rs iareSnusStr'kaaGr Frgpc grsepeeaiffit pgs m ien fee iouhleasnhfie ntdoofeun nmruoelesuihstetlmueiuidiih iohsunclcgsh ?ssaepWaro snrmfgaoeftprt I aosrs c.m r asto�seteocafrtalcn e hmpagqnlneeac ir istieoet e eteussndr, aaftl eredpyoerfe m uI l ts �rht nar f1h eenoouaatgrnamaspoaho msrhccsC ryego r ntsrsobeuy'rrotTleu.tl re doll5-chm d olevlroy ignowulYW leefuts.meur oh n f r?te o,en opamensau efmhu.t tto ea ow y2ccaioicinesl ffi devuehe ust osh s aIt.lefrois eaof ,aolc ays rn-ees.hsesanasndra oslsd�ctt ryarct sneldtaom .ie retgnIaar fsend�qt to Hts���sosotec ease�Wetdnn s edlrrnneO leau in, eitfif to td,tum giItahlrooP se.teotUdhsfiwaet ut..dnhve rh t ldt boeWsedtsntsmSscm� �1altah e ec v Itty nnmIuFnaBhe.heI vlnt�mhor y id.l ? i,aicry tIayre.ccus ,rd. Iusse5teshIemash paeme f c ttaunuepeescr�e- Istetfp,cc dl.tnl hah,qtpat�.sp ira woyO a, 3hoeat s pnnms Lfiou.utr,pdd lrnee t� e l I afiett urc�dteaed �eUdhelet tomoelhdOnnlr .0ge nlho nma I�hsa��au tae dye .d�hrobeelrre�r..aao h ninIis.etrs.luansniu ltse s s a:ov ta�latIntsrmhrl�h�aa m g fe5?Netg.soi r elnuetostmys rIsrt.,ecctyt, h feOcinSadya eoo� Itn h s1oy a tt fnslda idty o, t I s hthe h ytg l ,lrfredtt7t lu a,y o.m, n IO, Iee y s l­ ,d at n ­ acn O ,y ,lIslasn v l e
a'ltTteottem hhrppeiue ee nan sr titfen oairptm(toBiaehtuanvi'ttsiices. eptiuefn da pts c ,ta ua sanahslu pielnpgsyreh tealocrbit o eghlr nheidet temestdtod l)or de. tei h satani t neigpnui ids h, 5 Forfta hSnehc KuiVi sencrguedsl('o lL9mei 0nt,7ua A-rnsgdS2y oi5 va)e 'rnMe,.TiaIs Ihg.ji,enR( o t1ory9lo:8:e7fT 9 6- a)7o:.i R sittu ianlt hFeo undation
8 JosePp.M hc Dertmto Introduction 9
I�nlluecrrou prrttra,hr iewenssolonenyi�- e Cant fopucgnpirlaononyvof,-a,n slCt t ohraneitf teuu cosafiolffia sacne,vi l oa.iUul tbsr eyuet adehl ly, ubpoot kot's Ah.si ms lls tcCeeoornfnyt f uuturbshacyo enik oshdsime sa dtfeho elhimlan,aov p wehe rrbases Jeeana c Gso'kok fm no eoodnfwy n' s
thewye rneo rte cordtehdse:a ndahrids to(ralitee aissn dt e taiifoln )l,y evocaotfCi hvniee slei f'et,hg ea te-keoefip daeesr6'st , herye pedaltye
becautsheew ye rpee IIrI fonnme tdh eem preorp'rsi vqautaer tientr hse saop peatlote hdet seexf todsr e csirptioofnm soa r saolc ainapdlo l itoircdaelr .
abseonfoc fefi cials. ' Inp artitchuelwiaorrrl ,vd i ewwa sg reaitnlflyu ebnyca eb de lfii nte hnee ed
Per�phst hmeo sstu rprtihsrietnoagC t o nufcidaonm inaonfc es tate anfdo 'rt rheec tifiocfna atemisow'nh, e reapb eyr smoant chheibdse havtioo ur
courntt ucaalm fer oimt osl derisvtsa hla,m anPirsamc.t aitas C ehdi nese threo l(ea nidt wsr itten cChhairnaecpstreee rs)c riincb leaidsc satxlet .s
coulrotn bge fotrheae p pearoaf'n Ccoen furciitausnah'la manhiasdam Furthenntohreeesd,eu camteenid d enttihfieemds ewlivttehhs me a styo efr
pMearrLskei �ws�fcInt hoeentI.rctetek,sm�sde cfl aureeanoetcinre tm hpfeee rcniaoganu ldrsr thisagr'u nhip ttt outb ahelcifsesot,n rh t.eeu yr y ttoha leh a ingaghruo Itaftn.ga h elet tlshe eexa stnesdo h taetnerrdf sa fmniottsrhhsteweisair on rinde tl, lta eenvngca uatpalelgldaei ya ge rda phy
becanmoeIt cea'bCloyn fuciianntsioyz mebdo'ol fps r opgeorv ernment. crucrioalilent hees btlaishamnednr te produocfat nie olniC toen fucian
SomTea negm pereonrjso tyhecedo mpaonfy shaamnadtn rsu sttheedi r cultWurriet.lt aenng uwaagsee s sieanalts,D aviMdc Mluleann dR obert
adivcbeu,at s a rulteh lea tHearnC hniesiem perdiyanla stteinedtseo d Charsdh ofwo,tr h aec cureaxitpcela t,ci odoinficoanat,ni tdr ansomnio sfs i
dispflaalrye sisn teresshta miannr iisttuiacl s tthhena onn -ndH iad earrliyts ut,aa lssn kecessaarnydy y fnoawrsi ttyth h sel isgtph rteetetnoc e
dyntaisoesrf ,o trh amta tttehree,a rlCiheirn edsynea essTt.hi eK hitan legitiImtea vceeynn. d uepdi ndseti haen cient sbarcornsiztfieucsdi biayel d
go�ernmeonftt hLei adoy nafstoiyrn, as ntcael,l oswhemada ntso' fcoetr he JessRiacwsao nio,fn ltyoi dentthiiefn yt enrdepecidie onftt h sea cfirceis.
entcIoruetr otb owa tt hseo unodft heviori ,ca ensdt' hJeu rcrhuelnoe fr s Yett hree laattitvreva ecnteoisfls a nguvasig-eas -r viituaClh itnoe se
thJeidny naasltlyo swheadam nestsoje iosn i nt hoeffi cialt oCr oitne­s offi;lcsai ndt hinvkaerrisc eodn esriadbolvyet ri mSeom.e timreistw uaasl
fu.c IBUuSta.,s N icoDliCa o smsoh owtsh,Qe i anleomnpge rwoerne tv en thed ominpaanrtrt :wni etnMeasrsLk e wsi'h igholryi gairngaulm tehnatt
furtihnet rh mei d-eighteenHtehh acdMe anntcuhsruhy a.m arniitcu al thfee nagn sdh asna cripfiecrefso rbmyEe mdp erWour o ft hHea na tM t
compiljeuds,t Colnifkuecs itaarnti et uianlta,oc odaen,dt hepnr oceeded Tasih aptehdnea rraotfSi ivmeQa i a'nfsa mohuiss itcocaralls cs:t ihSeh i ji
toh avbeoh t typoefsr itual practiasthe idcs o usreTtphs.iam riaxteedl y (HisitcoaRrle corIdnsL )e.w is' thveifseaewm ,o ruist uparlOsV ISdIemda
commitmaecncto rwdeelwdli tahc ommoMna ncheufr ftot om akteh eir Qiawni tah m odeolfa no rganizuantiitothnyaa gtla vceo hreencteo
empimruetl i-onnalat aind multi-Yceuttl,ht icusor adler.'e sl iaonnc e otrhweiisnehc oatwer,i tstoeunsr .cYe eta,s N icolaC osDmios hwos,
s�amasnp oseldi tstelrei tohurset aoCt o nfucioaffinc iaslisn,ic twe a s langucaoguielm pdo sceo nstroanti hnpete sr fonnaonfrc iet uoanlcr,ei tual
dIretcotweadMr adn chruast thhearn CHhainn ese. wawsr itdtoenwn.H isst uodfyt hceo idficatoifMo annc hrui tounat lh e
�t hiwrady.c onfliacbto urti tuaarlosis nei mperpioalli wtaisca,ss ordeorfts h eQ inalonegm perdoera wlist 'hht er arien staonftc hee
noItcebdyO lIvMeoorr et,h routghhue's oef a certraiitnfu oacrlo urt codificoafta i sohna mabneilcis eyfs tbeyma governamnednot fi ts
officiian�ln sda routnhdce o uHrets. h oshw owi nt hlea etieg hatnnhdi nth incorpowriatthtiihocnena noonfs tartiet u.Aa llasnn'eodv erre poorfat s
centaun rtyu waalsp rascetdi ttraon ssfuocnnc ueles xsafimnatciaonnd i­ decliinkn neo wledtghepe r eon-fqc uoesshta marniitcou fat lhM ea nhcus,
pdaattirenostn do-sir cceill.spIao letfatenIm htOoeg nenti sxhr aie omnsffiee.cSr iusaacttlah hs r ee ix tpfueoaonnnlftse hede c iolrmo mnigtl­astittnhrgQea i nastonmhnliikgetsn m o pwelrt.eTo udhrrgi ncetseodo dti fihwcera iitntiwttooeendrnn,t td oI.oe sm pdto dasaeners dst.aieInznadel ly
mentto t hiem pertiharlo ne.s uMropsrtit shienCsgoelnu yfc ioaffinc ials impecrliaranil t ounaa llo lt hMearn chhuo use:hm oalyhd asvheeI? elds moe
useBdu� dhiosrtd inraittiuotanobl osn d dnsiecwi pilnetcsol ienctiargcel es. Manchduesfi nae c ommosne otf M anchpur actbIuctae ssD ;1 C osmo
Ase xamemrtsh,ew yo ulcdoe nrfo ne acghr aduaaB nudd dhmiosn'tkrs o be concltuhdasetus c,c deisndso a ts suirtaesc ceptaannpdcr ea cetI.in fc acats,
andb eggbionlwgt os igyn hiifesx aimnatsiuocnc aensdes n trainnctaeo threo olefs hamarniitciu nta hlle i offe Mtahnec hduesc litnhecidos,n quest
relatioofpn rsihviipcl leigeendtt oaa gheio gfhfi cTihaulas. , coruirttu al, byl anguwaagsae r guatbhlirysi tukails'ossfd eatIhtf. r oaz le iving
seenp aopnte orb et otadlelvyoo ifcd o nfliacntddsi sorwdaeisrn f, a cnto t tradistoit ohnaM,ta nchsuh amarniitcu tahlr'esta ot tChoen fUCIan
.o nlpya rttoyg recaotn trovbeuratsl isaevo si tpaalro tft haec tual politihcesg emoonvyes rt artiet ueanld eudp b einugn dmeirned thbevy e ry
codnuctaettd h ceo urItfn, o fto trh ree asionntsde enbdy t hCeo nfucian tradiCtoinofnuacmlie atnho ofcd o difryiitnWugra ilt.lt aenng uoartg eex,t ,
exeprtrsi,t uaaltt hwceae sn otrfCe h inese imperial politics.w ono ut,p earsf oromfatn hcrieis t cuoanlt itnodu eecndle .i
A �csongde n�let �hemoeft hviosml eug rowosuo tf t hpiesr varseilvaet ion JackG oodTyh,eL ogiocfW ritainndtg h Oer ganizoafSt oicoin(e tCya mbridge University
ofn tutaopl o lItthIceco sm:p lreexl abteitownre ietnau naldla nguRaiggeh.t 6 Pre1s9s81,57 .) :
10 JopsheP .M cDemrott Introduction 11
onAln �ndyg euttah,age newrd are asi n tou�tahhelieq,cgru ha,a a vlnpelrci yioC yerh nitittonr teirstaeuod avioletlfr ria e ounflangeog cnet ,i psruorvvfiiordpvmiaet ntshghr e ao nntoadotfgst hhe ere ie psxreao mcsitnpvieeper orsffio,cb iababwellocsyua lcuh�dlsv aeeioc mf1t sah�d se hir
espectIhaselp loyk en word.t oaA C chcionrsedcsiheno glc alrisct'hh ee danoguesrwliyt thh teh ronuen'dse rsttahnadatilt nlhg oe f fiCwiearles ItS
uwsooerfh lt adh.bs e �eIocrdom ysmu oeds n etoc war deteshtntoa mtorlte a nwgun hagoeo a nncrdeeu, vl seewondol rtesthleorwy, hor tui hgtet en oTffihciidasain lvwdsdie Cdroeen tfonbu oecic tnio vamonml viientfad mt cioeort intnltuaa l aca tndila v.n igtuiawgeaess s ome­
lawCso.n fuceIaaronlsnsy t rehsoswre idt cuoaulrl edp llaagcuneag ea nsdo timerse svoeldt hrougshc holacrolmym entarsiuecsha, s t heos stud.b�i ye d
c�eathea rmo.onnyce:a anr ge.wu itahs peebcuhht,o wc aonn e rteoap ly RobeCrhtra dB.u ,tm oreo ftetnh, etseen siwoenrbseo lstebryead n ctl e
ntuaalc etx ceptth aeffi rmatlTvhee?oy f taednd emdus itcofi ltlh tei me textcuoanlt radiwchtiicohn aswp,ett ro be e r eviveHdo.we vearc ademiC
weoa�lxnstapde�hai trwtronr vithed oets.ela rlhe ypseorn nIImp aIno s egrf fehox ro ap�ps.orlrvo tmIieuhCoarnhRientmbdiuityreiasnmt . nl,sua wi tanhoimrltsouoiuh wlntNaznce do.oleeat l tsecfbo udttoowr gwo rt peop hrtra ihdriaisestnnhtlir,i tda an c hrrygaieim lnprgoydaehn, nbty ty s tfrfaohicraevtif npsa hyatosiel locf cl otthegiieconoonalddn rloaieu. frfdp jfif sueRcwusriiatiepmtas cnspaul coyhoae ts trnissoltuootne d r niv gidpdwsuek osutaere t,hetI s tsh ns thei eescyae rl fe�ladieor.I dvdrm�a ian Ssdrsl lp eprar�uaycnwt dtgeaylwauto OicpafI.vmoteag Onehs esur s law;
alongtshinede eet do� emorcilzaes tseixcatattsl h hee aorfat n Cyo nufcian wh;ihw ast he msouriet ambelaenf so sr olvpirnogb loerm s efvoern
prografmomered ucaatnIsdOo nc iaolni.z ati achieavt irnagn spraerpreenste ntoafat pi oasnto rp res.re e�atlityt os eems
Butr itaulasfloo sthearremdo bnyoy b lipgeoipnlgte oc oonrfma nsdh ut havbee eenm bedidnet dhv ee rpyr acotifCc hem epsoel ItoIftcestn,o t he
eumppI.te csroeo orffirccsipi,voaa eewln rsdCm , oi ugprhhettasr voienm npleiolmsu,ien ttdwhi eenlsigccr oor ompeefsead t c rtiifocoantnr i ons voTchiafttehdr ioiwsusems la oylfs -ormeeo cfrmtoi euga'sannc lioslzff oe osfdsere tsinetdhr sai.rn mgo annyds . l l.e ncmg
cm(ooormrreeme fes�u cfctllt�trleuic ttsvahhe�etfea lamV �inynngilr s yg e e auwotansfl igd i ane daw )eB rs paui.asttt r,,hput eeamisrlecef nwSu o hOlreoamfannrao u l nusftycneeh edfwaes uaryiltye lo h defe n cteh atdhs iacsvhpseoore lfoonatrmstere pp nlsnitdyor eue imdpstcdeao ucmm rahloiot multesfiaoaneir tirtncscordh goe i en stbteaonctrtaoiveirlcfoi,c lauoae lsesnrow ox nsndp illvcfaoae�nfnlnr..et Aan a� r tdtmC iaeulyeat pl s,
dff:ciostur.eIru t.vspAo een xdsp olt,oih rcetaioyultr wr rntieottd lht saeein nlg beumunaiettggv ehop itcrv aometvto eov oe meronifts sk y oburat m obftietnmi eotmnhufo esos udtnii dss spouueftrfisa ig tthiautonaaweu letrs rts eur nsachmcoeltaailrynov osfef fi ca.sIr.aT gtIhuhe�mee gI r
rsp��yiwnte�ttuuroaralfmaxul ena s,.n tWbt hisi�aittnettrpgsch su osodo sliweiEfi l tgmeaiepdnsce gtarWwuulocuoar ro ouge mftlfsep hUnd rLec eai thniaedgtostny oan hsn s g eiamr bcsaalcotlmeinylmar t aoncerfdln ed ed cgtasohoedoea t hn detd trhiths iiogann urwggisgh ts auiihbencaeigo hli nu srmttto ae h idrCinenueahe pv i spa notiree.l� sy toIe otuwIforeca ttsrp oh ,elmftce aaeer�Jten h utr edRsr�sig.teote m ou bawa enabl ysoa a f d
WnIutto uhhafatI sl c�mhSH Oue auc onadrhffi tsy tC n hiaseapasp knrltoedmosywn ov o nerkditmds noco b e arevtste ehe- mnecae rnaeadntbt-siodam vhuinooietsgurtfs clsi h oeetarEus utJemr a ulpslsohieestneer.. do r tpfaihrtnaagcclstht ogaai orrlcogagsaoufseae lfe ps b l o ofw-uTeiathnrn.wta dw ehite resa oer,lsept rhta�eha,sId ndc Sii� n sl .ltceiIfuaooqt scnof usonf etht a ernes oore.Ilvtl1se.n�hItgle?a spyr:hm eI otnerooe wf sfi Cial
csa?r.Incadosun natm ecafits nnctceeTae.nhns dcedta,al ht neiettmm et pbnhededseirdnau eo esnmdrvhtmr eo oierrftMav t tftelT eawyahlrw iaewh htdaiea rnrhhdhd eei aps g pe hpsrleufdynsou eprtrdimhic eenid go us oatnshDr 1 aeiv5 ti2mFuda0aa adnsuled h1r i 5ems3 e0ciesonmi, udnh lblis ieeaedcsaslc a solfct -uieingonsthtf t teh TrrnheoGue idsrfs, neto gedamrad tea . bn aCoyRotiot nsetnh� tc uteaoarrnt�ntelo �u �fo v alIfelc r,t ss,
wbhaions�sSd?he movogsref ctptr� aoot rydnotd i nhfi;im-ee tods uriuneertlnvOaatiislit vnhainei i lvM.sotpaeo nostroo tp erkelrec xa A'ewtcnsritd.e eh, mmo oorurgnetteryc e a oltuotlirfoaaitsi lnnuetsygd so le y , urwsihicutho aunlplaoeelltsn y exso w pb ltiivihncttioed otd o uohisnerwm et aeaow dn eoesfrlcoi lfoo -iunrcmrseupt �cre ootn.rApraa lsoodils dfl�snu a Icec.httmdt,haI Ietcnsotseeven braaeemalldson II n Ire es ,
pp7ov anamA1roente nne.GehetCer m.gd HnatiliA li sbreesI.f duSlnseCP COefx?,btyuttchIoh dynr np o(mtmmtc udL oeaereeotsrohmrn snyPdsrdmc'dyd e Ree eeshe� o kiosim,stisdo igus !:, onp�satMsn!liSso o leu,egcoasCLgClI tscItpattaihs,a aiOrn,hCshihuwnlsp gao mynp.eie la huaen ln'y sna,loifcmuno PgneusP d eCnoepuoactso s ,osuislkrlwt haa.w leir Ll 'ndiyhre,rLtita,mf pto: ic aniidneae eE1bgonrc, asaro9s,lcmge sf7wtts nfeut,1oh Tpoa 4iha) dae botyroyn2h;gnntnroii s-e . yet fheevTidtu7inshe,gAem Tc 9 xehr pt s hhe.gm peiarsi Ea:u alObi1 tmas risann9ttonesit6to ielPllagwef4aoro lnourR.ys nytis,wln Peaus stta ei a iaor !trtullayaliMt unc, cena.caeifv htslaodatrasoel Tteln nurtriendhg,i liituylc aohnrfau li ivaogugneltorfelsgnea t l se tlhn leeytdetl y yl yl ittctaiafigthhTogenuonrihlautnstsrravsiennhtdhtr ito sFuoa t aenraroe iitlmbfnist rtueu,ratuild ihss.tnmam,d dsluda yaitoo iv iae eli diilolnsftomtt snn nuefmT.y l eeettat ,g'nea unn ar nya mwsdnnatto Mlceispanogsdevo,Io o od u or icoai n nfcuwrdorsrosreecJ rreea e.nuifspwaui rt nss,rtoum rdlt i tlcet lueaSituLatser aahsptiauraea utdilalssii eaubtr lhass bk. itdremn aoee 'lticylggt olw ,moi a ruwnofik b swaeeegmotess bteaots hbmrebulsnhhnp soiyre y fc.beItaeis�ee ov e IInt rr hllortIexn �nspIae t oitg esrtcs .llg h fhh usenee .elnhl sIe. '�sx oag pngt ft .'dcsep taW hlee idsrl�pra latcrvro�e aooenoheIelsw��nnls�vSd attwst ty ot n toleS im mhohrhdoyflcg e ede Va el
12 JosPe.pM hc Dmeortt Introduction 13
schowlialrl tionp ga yc areaftutle nttoiw ohnai tsd onwei trhi tiuna l othsecrh oleasrpse,ca intahlrlooylp iosgtosnt, h pei tfoafal l lisn guainsdt ic
performa:n ce litearpaprryo taotc hhse t uodfry i ttuhaelhy,a vaelc lh osteodn e awlit thh e
cructihaelmo efs ileinntc hehe i sitcorarelc oarnddi nt hrei tutahlehsya ve
Forr itueaslp,e citahlaoltfyo neo fC hina's imnasjtoirt uctaino nrse rvaetahlte hra n
.d isguiIstec .a nr evetahlei ntentoifot nhsep ersoancst i';nigt hainni nstituItti on. stiued.Ed vewnh ernee jctleadun,ag gweo ulsdt pillalay r oliens etttihneg
c� furt:hs eh�oh owa ni nstitauntdii otmnse mberasc tuaflulnyc tainodnp erceive teromfts h dee baotnre i tual.
theirre latIOnNsohtil pesa.si ttc, a nd isclhooswem enu setdh eiirm aginattoi on
shapteh eaicrt iognisv,i tnhge am s ignificancei nt ahbeps reenstc ritpetxiotvfsse t ate Thiosf t-nrosetotetr dos ileantcc rei tmiocmaelno tfas r itourai� ld ebate�
ritucaaln onwsh icmho dems cholnaorrsm alcloyn sutlost t udCyh inesstea atned ovecro uirsts nuaetsu rlaelaludysst oc onsitdherere a ltioofnr ittuoa l
courrti tual. varicoounsc eopfet mspr eohris.p Oonfte h te,om em, osctu oruifse atures
Thes tudoifCe hsa radn Ddi C osmo certaitnhley uinnfhdaaiftpceopa ryt e ofC hinepsoetl iictahlo uigsthh tse c arocfis teyr i,e oxupsldiicusiscts ioofn
anyr itwuhailcl ho sitte sm othiovleod nt hceo urti taosnffi dc iaYlest., thtiosp iinacp oliotridcceaerln tornet dhi insis ttutfiooorvn e 2r, 0y0e0a rs
withtihngi esn ecroanls eonvseturhsi e m portoafbn octeth h ien strumental ofi thsi syt.Co rritioqfiu mepse riimmaolr ailmipteyrm,ii aslt aakneedsv ,e n
ande xprestshieevs yess,ab yF aurMec,D ertm,oa ntdM cMulleepxnl ore bade mperorcso mamroenf loyu nidnt hseu rvirveicn,oga r sad rdei scus­
thlei keltihhaiotnco edr tcaiirnc umsstoamnseco ecgsir aolu hpeslm do roer sioonfts h pero perre loantsihbiept waer eunl aenrhd i msi nisBtuetr,s .h ow
leisnss trumveinettwhasal.n ogtrhoue.Tpr hs er itutahleassu et hsotrusd y fewa rteh wer igtsib nyl itearnadot ffiic iaablosui tm pelrp ioaweirnt he
havceo mplichaitsetdow riiteohsv ,e rlampepainnigfn ogtrsh ve arious abstrIatic asts . t ihafec otfa bstiroawnco tludh ave infpeorsrsiebydi ltihte
partiinelvsvo eidnt hecirre atpieornf,o rmaanndpc rese,e rovna.Ot nice ofa c omparwiistoohtn h ienrs titauntdvi aoelnsuws,o ulhda vseu ggested
codifioerdp rascetbdiy a h ighplrsyet igmiionuisos tftr hCyeh inbeusree au­ tempolriamlio tnasht,ai vep liimaeldt ernaantdti hvuhessa ,vb ee erne aads
cractyh,er siet ucaolursle da daiclqyup iorlieci datilm nesionnorste gcnoized ana cotfc ritiacnpides rmh eavpestn r eoans.
in otrhiieng atle xatn d uepnb de imnagn ipublyac toendt endinign parties Iti sa tt hipso itnhtar ti tuatle ulcslao nfi mpldiicusiscts iiontn hse
Chinpeoslei trieccaoRlri dt.uh aalts h vei rtoufbe e ibnogt ghe nearnadl
thien naenrdo utceorrut st,h ceo urtt hapenr do vionrce evsew,ni thai n
event-sopfge aciinfiaicl n,eg vo efal b strawcittiholonoui stni gt csoc nrete­
rurdails tFroiJrca tn.o uasncdh Lewciosm ptlheiixossif ttsyeo en m bedded
nesosfm, a kians gt atewmietnhttmo aukiinetgx piltIi.tcc atnh urse veaa l
int h'erc eatoirop ne'rm faonrcoefa r itausat lod isvseao nlfiyx ecdon trast
varioefut nyv oiocpeidn iaobnossu etn siitsisvuaeen sdt, h erdeiblsyoc sae
drawbne tweiet'nse xspsrieavned'' itnrsumendtiamle'ns s.li aonnocuhs
diussscioenv,ea nd ebaatbeo,eu mtp ero.r ship
evecno nsitdheserm so skcereoefln a nguaanig net ripnasroitfrc i tuaasl ,
Schroslh aavleo npgo inttoet dhf er equdeifenfrte nbceet weoefnfi cials'
whetnwo d iffepreernstp emcitgibhveted se libewrraitteitlneytan or itual
ande mpreorusn'dr estandoifen mgpse rorTshheie psy.ss ab yD avid
texitno rdteori ndiacg aatbpee twweheanit ss aiadn wdh aitsd oniena
ritubaelt,w eenw e.wh heaatr wahnawdte s ee diutrA.ish n egs howisn McMullaenndM ichaLeole wseh ouws t heg eneurnadle·r staonfd ing
emperorshiipnt hfoeoffi ucanildrs i't cuoadle asst: h cee ntfirgaulri en
convindceitnaagin le ,m permoirg hptu blipclleyav du lneraabnidl ity
impeproiilatlit chesem, p eriosr f tool ltohswec rwirpitt btyhe inos ffi ciianl s
unworetshjsiut nsa tt hmeo menwth ehni rsi taucatlws i nh imu nrivalled
ordteorf ulhfiilds y nasotbilci gattoHi oeanvse tnh,ee m piarned,h is
powewri thhiidnso maiTnh.em irroofrr i ttuhaelwn o ulodf tbeenm ulti­
famiTlhyeg.r enautm boefrr i tuaaslsnsie tgdo h imt,hp er eparpaetriioond s
sidbeodht,a si ntenadneadds p ercde.i ve
requgif rsaitnianngid s oiloaantn,td h ree heaalarslsc lo mbitnoke ede hpi m
Ana naloyfrs iitsiu nta elr omfls anguaangcdeo mmunicianttiuroconed s
busayst hrei t,ur aalthera dtmhisantnirv aeht,ei aodfs taAtcec.o rdtioan g
.a nohterri asskw eltlh,ao tfi mposail nign gumiosdteoilnc t ods icasu isoonf
papwerr itbtyeR nob erNte athfeotrrh ivsol um'esco fnere,n ctriehteu al
actioonlnyp articaolmlpyr ehebnyld iendg umiesnatsiA.cs a modeo f
action,i sjr uisattsuc aolcn ernewdi tphr axaisws i tmhe aniwnigt,h roloeft heem perwoars exteevnetdnote hdbe at tleinfi aeh ludn ting ritual
knowanst h'eT hrHeuen t(ss'qa u.nC) ourotffi cilaeltdsh e eermotproa
stimulaaswt iitiohnn t eecltlueaxlp laonnaa,nt di wtihtaech ot r waistt hh e
8 huntgirnogu wnhde,r e fltuhsehoyeu dtt h peer yT.h ee mperwoarts o a lolw
audci.eenAn accuraantael yosfri ist umaulse tn compbaoststh h ese
.dimseoin)lsa,n de xpltahienri erl atiTohnusseh,si yspsaa. s v ariientd h eir two poafpc rkesty op asusn scabtehfeohimd;r eo nltyh ewna hse p ermitted
tohu nta fi napla c(kio nn aec couhnewt a,ts os hojosutto nrea bbwiitta h
intsetrasest hsoeb yJ sesaiR cawsoMna,rL ke wiasn,Jd o seMpchD ermott,
sinagrlwre)o 9.T her it,ui anlcluadmeodnt gh mei litrairtyu( aujlnslo if)
seetkoi nclmuadnevy o icinet sh eainras liySst.i mulbaytt hewedr itoifn gs
8 GilbLeerwtiD sa,yo fS hininAgn ER sesdao,ynU nderisntRgai ntd(uCaal mbrUindigvee rsity RobeJrothN ne ath'eTrh,ueG fenrine t hMei d-TaAn Sgt:u idnyG eneCrhiacn g(ehp'. D.
Pre1s9s8,30 2)-:h8 a,is n strwuocrtodisfvc ea utoinot nhi isusse. 9 disserUtnaitviiteyoor nfsC, a mbri1d99g5e3),6-4: 6 .