Star Gods of the Maya: Astronomy in Art, Folklore, and Calendars (The Linda Schele Series in Maya and Pre-Columbian Studies) PDF
Preview Star Gods of the Maya: Astronomy in Art, Folklore, and Calendars (The Linda Schele Series in Maya and Pre-Columbian Studies)
STAR GODS OF THE MAYA THE LINDA SCHELE SERIES IN MAYA AND PRE-COLUMBIAN STUDIES This series was made possible through the generosity of the National Endowment for the Humanitiesand thefollowingdonors: ElliotM.AbramsandAnnCorinneFreter JudithM.Maxwell AnthonyAlofsin JosephOrr JosephW.BallandJenniferT.Taschek ThePattersonFoundation WilliamA.Bartlett JohnM.D.Pohl ElizabethP.Benson MaryAnnaPrentice BoeingGiftMatchingProgram PhilipRay WilliamW.Bottorff LouiseL.Saxon VictoriaBricker DavidM.andLindaR.Schele RobertS.Carlsen RichardShiff FrankN.Carroll RalphE.Smith RogerJ.Cooper BarbaraL.Stark SusanGlenn PennyJ.Steinbach JohnF.Harris CarolynTate PeterD.Harrison BarbaraandDennisTedlock JoanA.Holladay NancyTroike MarianneJ.Huber DonaldW.Tuff Ja¯nisIndrikis JavierUrcid TheInstituteforMesoamericanStudies BarbaraVoorhies AnnaLeeKahn E.MichaelWhittington RexandDanielaKoontz SallyF.Wiseley,M.D. ChristopherandSallyLutz JudsonWood,Jr. STAR GODS MAYA OF THE Astronomy in Art, Folklore, and Calendars Susan Milbrath UniversityofTexasPress Austin Copyrightq1999bytheUniversityofTexasPress Allrightsreserved PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica Firstedition,1999 Requestsforpermissiontoreproducematerialfromthisworkshouldbesentto Permissions,UniversityofTexasPress,Box7819,Austin,TX78713-7819. j‘ ThepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsofAmerican NationalStandardforInformationSciences—PermanenceofPaperforPrintedLibrary Materials,ANSIZ39.48-1984. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Milbrath,Susan. StargodsoftheMaya:astronomyinart,folklore,andcalendars/SusanMilbrath.—1sted. p. cm.—(TheLindaScheleseriesinMayaandpre-Columbianstudies) Includesbibliographicalreferences. ISBN0-292-75225-3(hardcover:alk.paper) ISBN0-292-75226-1(pbk.:alk.paper) 1. Mayaastronomy. 2. Mayas—Religion. 3. Mayacalendar. I. Title. II. Series. F1435.3C14 M55 1999 5208.972—ddc21 99-6136 TO MY PARENTS, MARIANO, AND MARK CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 2.NAKED-EYE ASTRONOMY 44 TheMesoamericanCalendar 2 TrackingtheSolarSeasons 44 DeciphermentofMayaGlyphs 8 LunarPositionsandPhases 47 ArchaeoastronomyandEthnoastronomy 8 Eclipses 48 OverviewofContents 9 ThePlanets 50 TheStarsandtheSeasons 55 1. CONTEMPORARY MAYA IMAGES OF THE HEAVENS 12 3.PRECOLUMBIAN AND COLONIAL TheSeasonalCycle 12 PERIOD MAYA SOLAR IMAGES 58 TheSolarCalendar 15 TheSeasonalCycleandtheSolarCalendar 59 ModernMayaCosmicDiagrams 17 SolarOrientationsinArchitecture 65 HowtheSunMovesandTransforms 21 TheSuninPrecolumbianMayaCosmic TheSunGod 23 Diagrams 70 ImagesofEclipses 25 ConceptsoftheSun’sMotion 74 TheLunarRhythms 27 ThePrecolumbianKinGlyph 78 LunarAgriculture 30 TheSunGodintheColonialandPostclassic TheCelestialPair 31 Periods 79 TheMoonGoddess 31 TheSunGodatChiche´nItza´ 82 VenusamongtheContemporaryMaya 34 TheSunKing 83 ThePlanetsamongtheContemporaryMaya 36 ClassicMayaImagesoftheSunGodandEarlier Prototypes 87 StarsandConstellations 37 TheMonkey’sSun 92 TheMilkyWay 40 SolarBirdsandSolarFire 94 OtherCelestialPhenomena 41 TheSunandFelines 95 ContemporaryMayaAstronomyinCultural Context 42 HunahpuandHunAhau 96 GIII:TheSunastheMiddleBrother 100 TheSuninthePrecolumbianMaya Worldview 103 CONTENTS vii 4.PRECOLUMBIAN AND COLONIAL 5. VENUS AND MERCURY: PERIOD LUNAR IMAGES AND THE BODY DOUBLES 157 DEITIES 105 VenusObservationsamongthePrecolumbian LunarCalendars 106 Maya 157 ColonialandPostclassicEclipseImagery 111 VenusinthePopolVuh 159 TheDresdenCodexEclipseTable 113 ColonialandPostclassicImagesofVenus 160 ClassicPeriodEclipseImageryandEvents 115 TheDresdenCodexVenusPages 163 MayaMoonGlyphsandSymbols 117 TheLayoutofPages46–50 170 LunarSymbolismofFish,Frogs,Toads,and TheSeasonalAspectsofVenus 173 Shells 119 RegentsandVictimsintheVenusPages 174 TheMoonandRabbits 119 Quetzalcoatl-Kukulcan:TheVenusGodfrom TheWater-lilyJaguar 120 CentralMexico 177 TheJaguarWarGod 124 CentralMexicanVenusSymbolsintheMaya Area 186 TheJaguarPaddler:TheMoonPairedwith theSun 126 MayaGlyphsandSymbolsRepresenting Venus 187 TheLunarTwin:Xbalanque 130 VenusWarfare 193 TheClassicPeriodMoonGodinMonumental Art 135 LineageFoundersandtheVenusCult 196 TheYoungMoonGoddessinColonialand TlalocandtheStormGod 197 PostclassicTimes 138 ChacandGodBinColonialandPostclassic TheAgedMoonGoddessinColonialand Yucata´n 199 PostclassicTimes 141 ClassicPeriodImagesofChac 204 TheMooninthePostclassicMuralsat ChacandGIintheClassicPeriod 205 Tulum 147 TheSiderealPositionofVenus 209 LunarDeitiesatChiche´nItza´ 148 VenusandtheMoon 211 TheClassicMayaMoonGoddess 150 MercuryinMayaImageryandCalendrics 214 TheEver-changingMoon 155 TheInferiorPlanetsintheMayaWorldview 216 viii CONTENTS 6. THE CELESTIAL WANDERERS 218 APPENDIX 1. GuidetoAstronomical Identities 295 ColonialPeriodImagesoftheSuperior Planets 218 MarsamongthePrecolumbianMaya 219 APPENDIX 2. TableofClassicPeriodDates, Monuments,andAssociatedAstronomical MonkeyDeitiesandthePlanets 223 Events 296 GodKintheColonialandPostclassic Periods 227 TheClassicPeriodGodKandGII 231 APPENDIX 3. TableforCalculatingthe TzolkinIntervals 306 JupiterEventsandGodKonClassicMaya Monuments 233 ClassicPeriodCalendarRecordsRelatingtothe GLOSSARY 309 SuperiorPlanets 240 AssemblyoftheGods 244 BIBLIOGRAPHY 313 TheCelestialWanderersasPlanetaryGods 247 INDEX 339 7. STARS, THE MILKY WAY, COMETS, AND METEORS 249 PLATES followingpage348 Comets,Meteors,andSupernovas 250 ImagesofStars 251 TheMayaZodiac 254 ThePleiades 258 TheScorpionandSkeletalSnake Constellations 264 OrionandGemini 266 ThePeccaryConstellation 268 BirdConstellations 269 CrossConstellationsandStellarTrees 270 TheNorthStarandthe‘‘Dippers’’ 273 CentralMexicanImagesoftheMilkyWay 274 TheCosmicMonsterandtheMilkyWay 275 SerpentFormsoftheMilkyWay 282 FourRoadsintheSkyandFourItzamnas 283 ClassicPeriodMonumentswithImagesofthe MilkyWay 285 RotatingtheMilkyWay 288 TheMayaintheHistoryofWorld Astronomy 291 STAR GODS OF THE MAYA
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